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KAVAKA 59(4): 1-13 (2023) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/1-13
Contributions on Mycorrhizae for Plant Protection and Crop Improvement*
N. Raaman
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus,Chennai - 600025, India.
Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
One of the most important groups of soil microorganisms is the mycorrhizal fungi. Sixteen species of VAM fungiwere reported by me and my team from forest tree species of South India. Fifteen VAM fungal species were isolated from burned area and 16 species from the unburned area. It was found that VAM fungi are affected adversely by the intensity of the fire but they recover from a burn within 2 years. The VAM fungal association with the plant species colonizing a magnesite mine spoil was investigated and 13 VAM fungal species were identified. Spores of GlomusfasciculatumandGigasaporagiganteawere commonly found in the magnesite mine spoil. The mycorrhizal fungi in the epiphytic and terrestrial orchids were studied and 5 AM fungal species were identified. For the first time, Pisolithustinctoriushas been reported by me and my team in tropical region in association with Eucalyptus tereticornis. Investigation on mycorrhizal association in Casuarinaequisetifoliagrown in 4 different soil types was carried and it revealed a total of 10 species of Glomus, 2 of Gigaspora and 2 of Sclerocystis. Investigation on the mycorrhizal and actinorhizal status in C. equisetifolia at 25 sites in and around coastal region of Madras, Tamil Nadu revealed the presence of total of 8 species of VAM fungi and it has been found that the dual inoculation (Frankiaand Pisolithustinctorius) gave more biomass than individual inoculation.It was shown thatPisolithustinctorius and Laccarialaccata exhibited higher amounts of IAA production than other fungi, whereas Amanita muscaria and Rhizopoganluteolus showed least quantity of IAA. The growth and acid phosphatase activity of L.laccata has been studied and it has been found that L. laccata was more tolerant to Cu than Ni and increasing Cu and Ni concentration induce the increase of acid phosphatase activity (maximum at 0.15 µm) in L. laccata. The axenic growth, total protein content and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in Amanitamuscaria was estimated and it has been found that A. muscaria was also more tolerant to Cu than Ni. Among L. laccata and Suillusbovinus, L. laccatahad maximum acid and alkaline phosphatase activities and tolerance to high concentration of chromium.Casuarinaequisetifolia seedlings were raised in glasshouse condition and inoculated with suspension of pure culture of Frankia. The nodules have been collected and analysed for the presence of cytokinin and significantly the cytokinin has been detected in the nodules. Significantly increased GA has been demonstrated in roots, nodules and cladodes of triple (Glomusfasciculatum, Pisolithustinctorius and Frankia) inoculated plants of Casuarinaequisetifolia. Maximum amounts of IAA in cladodes and roots of C.equisetifoliahave been established byHPLC analysisin triple (Glomusfasciculatum, Pisolithustinctorius and Frankia) inoculated plants than the other individual treatment of symbiont. Higher content of IAA in nodules of Glomusmosseae and Rhizobium inoculated Prosopisjuliflora has been demonstrated. Sodium alginate beads of Laccarialaccatawere prepared and the beads were viable for 10 months. The fungal hyphae in the beads formed mycorrhizal association with Eucalyptus tereticornisand enhanced growth has been demonstrated in the seedlings due to mycorrhizal association. Spores of Scutellosporaerythropa and Scu.nigra isolated from neemrhizosphere soils from coastal regions of Chennai, India were tested for axenic germination in in vitro conditions. They showed positive results in media of different composition using root exudates, soil extract, thiamine HCl and inositol. The combined medium increased the spore germination in Scu. erythropa and in Scu. nigra over water agar control. The germ tube often grew up to 3.8 cm on combined media but no vegetative spores and extramatrical auxiliary cells were observed during the experiment. There was significant increase in hyphal growth when the roots were introduced into the medium, 3 days after spore germination. Based on the method developed, growth of Glomusmosseaeand Gigasporagiganteaonin vitro root organ culture of Sorghum vulgareand Saccharum officinarumwas carried out.Spores of Gl. mosseae and Gig.gigantea germinated on minimal medium produced extraradical mycelium. Gl. mosseaeinfected roots of S. officinarum in in vitro condition were inoculated in minimal medium with in vitro cultured roots of Sorghumvulgare (test roots). From the infected root of S. officinarum, the mycelium developed and it infected the test roots. The roots developed new mycelia and further the mycelia produced a few hyaline spores. In MS medium combined with soil extract, root exudate, thiamine HCI and inositol combination, spore germination and germ tube growth were higher when compared with other media. Thus, significant contributions on the biodiversity of Indian mycorrhizal fungi and application of mycorrhizal fungi for growth improvement of plants were made.
KAVAKA 59(4): 14-17 (2023) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/14-17
Establishment of In-vitro Culture of Glomusclarum using Vesicles
James D’Souza, K.M. Rodrigues, and B.F. Rodrigues*
School of Biological Sciences, Goa University, Goa - 403 206, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on September 22, 2023; Accepted on November 5, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota that enhance host plant growth through nutritional benefits.AM fungal propagules exist as spores, living hyphae, isolated vesicles, and mycorrhizal root segments. The present study reports establishing an in vitro culture of Glomusclarum using mature vesicles grown monoxenically with Ri T-DNA transformed Cichoriumintybus L.(chicory) roots. Upon inoculation, 90% germination was recorded in vesicles after 36 h in theModified Strullu and Romand (MSR) medium. Germinated vesicles were transferred to 9 cm diameter Petri plates (one vesicle/plate) containing 15 days of actively growing Ri T-DNA transformed chicory roots and incubated in the dark at 26°C. Sporulation was observed after five weeks of inoculation. The study suggests that isolated vesicles constitute an excellent source of inoculum for initiating successful in vitro culture of G. clarum.
Keywords:Vesicles, Glomusclarum, Germination, Sporulation, In vitro, Chicory roots
KAVAKA 59(4): 18-23 (2023) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/18-23
New Records of HymenochaetoidFungi from the Mangrove Forest of Muthupet, Tamil Nadu, India
Sugantha Gunaseelan, Kezhocuyi Kezo, and Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal*
Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai - 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on October 25, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Hymenochaetoid fungi inhabiting the mangrove trees were collected from Muthupet and delimited based on morphological and microscopical analyses. Three hymenochaetoid fungi belonging to two generaFulvifomes(F.fastuosusand F. mangroviensis) and Inonotus(I. rickii),were documented.
Keywords:Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales, Phellinuss.l., Inonotuss.str.,Wood decaying fungi, Pathogenicity
KAVAKA 59(4): 24-31 (2023) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/24-31
Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles for Antifungal Activity Against the Human Fungal Pathogen - Candida albicans
M. Kamal1 and Vandana Ghormade1*
1Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune - 411004, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 11, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing candidiasis in immune-compromised patients. C. albicans is resistant to the existing drugs and exists on abiotic and biotic clinical surfaces, making it difficult to control. The biofilm formed by these fungi leads to multiple hospital-acquired fungal infections. Silver nanoparticles arereported for their antimicrobial activity and absence of resistance. Hence, the study aims at the application of silver nanoparticles against C. albicans and its biofilm formation. The synthesized AgNPs were ~ 37 nm, having a -37 mV charge. This process gives a yield of 880 µg/mL of AgNPs. These nanoparticles displayed antifungal activity against C. albicans with 2.97 µg MIC. Coating the coverslip with silver nanoparticles showed efficient inhibition of the biofilm formation by C. albicans with 97.51% inhibition by fluorescence microscopy. Impregnation of catheter surfaces with 1, 2, and 3 layers of silver nanoparticles showed 7.51, 15.23, and 43.02% reduced viability of Candida by MTT assay, respectively. The luminol assay could attribute the efficiency of AgNPs to their ROS generation. Moreover, the nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic. Hence, the silver nanoparticles exert antimicrobial activity, and their coating on catheter surfaces can show the antifungal effect on C. albicans biofilm formation.
Keywords: Candida albicans, Silver nanoparticles, Biofilm, Antifungal
KAVAKA 59(4): 32-41 (2023) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/32-41
Traditional Utilization ofWild Edible Mushrooms among the LocalCommunities ofDistrict Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Faisal Mushtaq1, Komal Verma2, Roshi Sharma2,and Yash Pal Sharma2*
1Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Punjab - 144001, India.
2Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir-180006, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 29, 2023; Accepted on November 15, 2023)
ABSTRACT
In the present study, documentation of the traditional uses of some wild edible mushrooms extracted from different ethnic tribes dwelling in forests of Kishtwarof Jammu &Kashmirwas made. The majority of the collected wild edible mushrooms are consumed fresh, while some are used after drying. A short description of wild edible mushrooms (WEMs), along with their local name and medicinal use, ispresented. Additionally,the ethnomycological notes and folk names of WEMs have also been added.
Keywords:Edible, Ethnomycology, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, Mushroom
KAVAKA 59(4): 42-48(2023) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/42-48
The First Record of Torulachromolaenae on Dung Sample of Equuskiang from Ladakh, India
Krishnappa Kavyashree1, Thimmappa Shivanandappa2, and Gotravalli RamanayakaJanardhana*1
1Molecular Phytodiagnostic Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru-570006, Karnataka, India.
2Visiting Professor, School of Life Sciences, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Education Center, K. R. S. Road, Mysuru-570016, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 7, 2023)
ABSTRACT
An asexual hyphomycetes, TorulachromolaenaeJ.,a new record fromIndia, is being reported for the first time on a new substrateas a coprophilous inhabitant. The fungus was isolated from the dung sample of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) endemic to theTibetan plateau. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by bothmorphological andmolecular approaches combining multi-locus phylogenetic (ITS, SSU, LSU) analysis.
Keywords:Coprophilous,Hyphomycetes, Herbivore dung, Tibetan wild ass,Equuskiang, Ladakh
KAVAKA 59(4): 49-55(2023) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/49-55
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Association in Bryophytes from Arunachal Pradesh: a First Report
Chunam Aniyam, Amanso Tayang, and Heikham Evelin*
Mycorrhizal Technology and Bryophytes Laboratory, Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh - 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 5, 2023)
ABSTRACT
The present study evaluatedarbuscularmycorrhizal fungal (AMF) association with bryophytes. Twenty bryophyte specimens were collected from different natural habitats of Tirap district in Arunachal Pradesh, India.Of the 20 specimens, 11 mosses and three liverwort species showed the presence of AMF structures, such as aseptate inter- and intra-cellular hyphaeand vesicles. Marchantia sp. showed the highest percentage of AMF colonization (100%). Mosses, Anomobryumauratum, Leptodontiumhandelii, Campylopussubgracilis, Ceratodonpurpureus,Dicranellamicrospora, and Dicranodontiumfleischerianumshowed no colonization. The study is the first report onbryo-mycorrhizal association from Arunachal Pradesh.
Keywords: Bryo-mycorrhizal association, Liverworts, Mosses
KAVAKA 59(4): 56-61(2023) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/56-61
Fungus Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against Fungi Isolated from Soft-rot Infected Ginger
Sandip Ghaywat1, Pramod Ingle1, Sudhir Shende1,2, Dilip Hande3, Mahendra Rai1,6,Prashant Shingote4, Patrycja Golinska5, Aniket Gade1,5,7*
1Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati - 444 602, Maharashtra, India.
2Academy of Biology and Biotechnology,Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave, 194/1, Rostov-on-Don - 344090, Russia.
3Shri. PundlikMaharajMahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly, Buldhana - 443404, Maharashtra, India.
4Vasantrao Naik College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Dr. PDKV, Yavatmal - 445001, Maharashtra, India.
5Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland.
6Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil.
7Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga,Mumbai - 400019, Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding authorEmail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 30, 2023; Accepted on November 1, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Ginger is one of the cash crops grown worldwide, and consumed daily as a spice food, and utilized as Ayurvedicmedicine. Soft-rotor rhizome-rot, is a major rhizome-deteriorating fungal disease caused by various fungi like Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. in ginger, leading to huge yield losses and economic losses. This study reported in vitroantifungal activity of Phomaherbarum,cell-free extract-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against Pythium and Fusarium isolates from soft-rot infected ginger, identified at the genus level microscopically. CuONPs were detected by a visible color change from blue to dark brick red precipitate and characterized by Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry (absorbance maxima at 630 nm) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (average size 83 nm). Stability was confirmed by Zeta potential measurement (-23.5 mV), and Face Centered Cubic crystalline structure was elucidated by X-ray diffractometry, and roughly spherical crystals were visualized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the presence of various functional groups that stabilized CuONPs. The in vitro study showed significant antifungal activity of mycogenicCuONPs against test fungi, which was substantially comparable with a chemical fungicide,i.e.,mancozeb. Accordingly, the findings supported the application of mycogenicCuONPs as a cutting-edge antifungal agent in the direction of sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Mycogenic, Nanoparticles,Phomasp.,In vitro,Characterization, Agriculture
KAVAKA 59(4): 62-74 (2023) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/62-74
Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in Crops Plants – A review
Wendy Francisca Xavier Martins*1 and B.F. Rodrigues2
1Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa - 403 507, India.
2Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa - 403 206, India.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on September 14, 2023; Accepted on November 15, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Humans depend on many different plants as food sources, and since ancient times, cereals have been the most important. Cereals are a nutritionally important source of dietary proteins, iron, vitamin B complex, vitamin E, carbohydrates, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, fiber, and traces of minerals essential for both humans and animals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil fungi that form a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of plants. The review summarizes recent research on AM fungal symbiosis in crop plants. It also provides a comprehensive knowledge of AM fungi, their influence on crop plants at various stages of growth, their role in improving yield and productivity, increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, and their effect on agricultural management practices.
Keywords: AM fungi, Growth stages, Yield, Productivity, Agricultural management
KAVAKA 59(4): 75-92(2023) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/75-92
Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Iron Ore Mine Wastelands of Goa, India
Bukhari, M.J2*and B.F. Rodrigues1
1School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa.
*2Department of Botany, Govt. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Quepem 403 705 Goa.
*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 20, 2023; Accepted on November 11, 2023)
ABSTRACT
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in relation to edaphic and climatic factors was assessed in eight plant species viz., Chromolaena odoratum, Emilia sonchifolia, Mimosa pudica, Ludwigia parviflora, Ischaemum semisagittatum, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Trema orientalisfor one year from Codli iron ore mine reject dump in Goa. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization levels and spore numbers varied significantly between the plant species in the different seasons. The calculated correlation coefficient showed that soil moisture was negatively correlated to EC, N, P, K, calcium, organic carbon, and organic matter. Soil moisture had a positive influence on AM fungal colonization and a negative influence on spore density in all the plant species. Spore number was maximum in pre-monsoon and least in monsoon, while AM colonization was maximum in monsoon and least in pre-monsoon. A total of 40 AM fungal species belonging to 13 genera were reported during the study. Among the genera, the genus Glomus was dominant in the pre-monsoon,Acaulosporawas dominant in the monsoon, and Gigaspora was dominant in the post-monsoon season.
Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Edaphic factors, Seasonal variation, Mine spoils.
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