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KAVAKA 59(3): 1-7 (2023)                                                                               DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/1-7

Biomaterials from Spent Mushroom Substrate – a Sustainable Approach

1. Gurumoorthy, S. Dharani, K. Yuvarani, and V. Kumaresan*

Department of Botany, KanchiMamunivar Govt. Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry - 605 008, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 25, 2023; Accepted on September 24, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Spent mushroom substrate is not being effectively used and is true for Oyster mushroom spent substrate. Thebio-based material that is produced after the growth of fungal mycelium in substrates such as paddystrawcan be usedinconstruction industry, for packaging purposes as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastic packaging, as biodegradable containers and flower pots. Culturablemushrooms are good candidates for preparation of biomaterials from spent substrate. In the present study it was found the Pleurotusostreatus, cultured from fruit bodies available in the market and P. tuber-regium, obtained from the wild, are suitable candidates for production of such bio-materials since they were found to colonize the substrate,  paddy straw, and form a good composite material with the substrate. The identity of wild P. tuber-regium was confirmed by ITS rRNA gene sequencing.

Key words: Pleurotus, Oyster mushroom, Mushroom spent substrate, Biomaterials, Sustainable use

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 8-15 (2023)                                                                        DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/8-15

Production of Pecticlyases by Three ThermophilicFungi

Ranjith Kumar Rajavarm^1*, Kiran Saini², Girisham Sivadevuni¹, and S.M. Reddy¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 009, Telangana, India.

²Department of Botany, Satavahana University, Karimnagar - 505 001, Telangana, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 15, 2023; Accepted on September 25, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Production of pecticlyases by three thermophilic fungi,i.eThermomyceslanuginosus, Talaromycesluteus and Rhizomucorpusillusunder different cultural conditions was studied. Although all the three fungi were able to produce pecticlyases (exo-pectinlyases (exo-PL), endo-pectic acid lyase (endo-PAL), exo-pectinlyase (exo-PL) and pectic acid layse (endo-PAL) the degree of production varied with the fungus and prevailing environmental conditions. Temperature of 45ºCand pH 6.0-7.0 were optimum for production of different pecticlyases by the fungi understudy. The preference of carbon and nitrogen sources varied both with the fungus and enzyme concerned. A positive correlation could be observed between mycelial growth and pecticlyases production. The production of pecticlyases byall the three fungi under investigation proved to be adaptive.

Keywords: Pecticlyase, Thermomyceslanuginosus, Talaromycesluteus, Rhizomucorpusillus, Exo- and endo-pectinlyase, Exo-and endo-pecticacidlyases

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 16-25 (2023)                                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/16-25

Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of EndophyticMycofloraof Catharanthusroseus(L.)G. Don from Maharashtra

VarshaShrikant Nimbalkar¹ and Sanjay K. Singh^2*                   

¹Sarhad College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Katraj, Pune-411046, India.

²National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411004, India.

CorrespondingAuthorEmail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted onMarch 20, 2023; Accepted on September 22, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Altogether twenty one species comprising eighteen genera of endophytic fungi were recovered from surface sterilized leaf lamina, leaf mid -rib, stem, petiole and inner bark samples collected from Catharanthusroseusfrom four different locations of the Maharashtra. A total of 395 endophytic isolates were obtained from 1200 plant segments of C. roseus.Mitosporic fungi were found to be dominant (74%), followed by ascomycetes (17%) and agonomycetes (9%). The overall colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi were significantly higher (χ 2 test, g= 4, P<0.001) in stem when compared to other aerial parts. The overall colonization of endophytes recovered in monsoon season were significantly (χ 2 test, g = 2, P<0.001) higher (33%) followed by summer (16.25%) and winter (15.25%). Similarly, the isolation rate was also found significantly higher during monsoon (0.59) than the summer (0.2) and winter (0.18).

Key words: Catharanthusroseus,Diversity, Endophytes, Seasonal distribution

 

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 26-35 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/26-35

 

Application Studies of Alkaline Protease from Marine Engyodontium album BTMF S10 in Detergent Industry and in Silver Recovery from Used X-Ray Films

Sreeja Chellappan^1*, Soorej M. Basheer¹, and M. Chandrasekaran¹

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur University, Palayad, Thalassery - 670 661, Kerala, India.

^*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 5, 2023; Accepted on September 20, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Alkaline protease isolated from marine fungus Engyodontium album BTMFS10 was evaluated for its potential use as an additive in detergent formulations in detergent industry. Commercial detergent compatibility studies conducted with the E. album protease indicated that in all the detergents tested, the enzyme retained more than 90% of activity even after 3 h of incubation. Comparison of stability of E. album protease and other proteases in the presence of commercial detergent (Surf Excel Automatic) at 60 °C showed that E. album protease was significantly more active than the commercially available proteases tested. Additionally, wash performance research supported the efficiency of E. album protease in removing blood stains from clothing.  Esterase activity of the protease indicated by the cleavage of p-nitrophenyl derivatives of small chain fatty acids and was confirmed by activity staining. This fungal protease facilitated stripping of the gelatin layer of the used X-ray film towards recovery of silver. The results of the studies testified the potential of marine fungal protease for application as an addition in detergent compositions, and also in silver recovery from used X-ray films. 

Key words: Engyodontium album, Alkaline protease, Detergent additive, Silver recovery

 

 

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 36-50 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/36-50

Unlocking the Potential of Mushroom for Industrial Applications

Rashmi Mathur¹, Isha Gunwal², Payal Mago³, Neeraj Wadhwa⁴, and Roma Katyal^5*

¹Department of Botany, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 017, India.

²Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 036, India.

³Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 096, India.

⁴Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 201 309, India.

⁵Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 003, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 31, 2023; Accepted on September 21, 2023)

ABSTRACT 

Farms, food processing facilities, numerous factories, and other industries are producing alarming amounts of agro-industrial waste, which necessitates immediate action to prevent the negative environmental effects of its disposal and incineration. The waste, which primarily comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, collectively known as lignocellulosics, holds significant untapped potential for various agro-based applications and industrial processes. In particular, mushrooms use this waste as a substrate. By producing lignocellulolytic enzymes, mushrooms break down lignocellulosic substrates and utilize them in the formation of their fruiting bodies. Consequently, mushroom farming has emerged as a leading biotechnology strategy. It addresses and benefits from agro-industrial byproducts in environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative approach. It biotransforms low-value agricultural byproducts into protein-rich nutritious foods that significantly enhances human health and contributes to the development of rural economies. Moreover, it serves as a bioremediation strategy that is less intrusive than other methods of environmental restoration. Recently, the substratum of mushrooms has been acknowledged as an invaluable source of biofuels and a plethora of enzymes that have significant vital functions in various industrial operations and are of substantial commercial value. This article offers a summary of recent scientific understanding regarding the mushroom substratum as a resource of industrially significant enzymes and biofuel.

Keywords: Agro-industrial waste; Biofuels; Enzymes; Mushroom mycelium; Spent mushroom substrate; Sustainable industrial applications.

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 51-61 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/51-61

Diversity of Wood-Inhabiting Macrofungi from District Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India

Balwant Singh^* and Vinay Kumar Singh

Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 09, 2023; Accepted on September 11, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Mushroom mycoflora belong to kingdom Mycota (Fungi), which harbors the most diverse group of organisms after insects on earth. Since the beginning of time, macrofungi have drawn the attention of humans due to their peculiar and startling characteristics, such as their varied color, form, and size as well as the existence of gills and pores. Macrofungi also shows great diversity in their inhabiting behaviors encompassing saprobic and parasitic. In the present study, diversity of wood inhabiting macrofungi was surveyed in study area (Ayodhya). Findings exposed a total number of 30 macrofungal species belonging to 14 families. Morphological, microscopic, and macroscopic characters were recorded. Wood inhabiting macrofungi play important role in the biogeochemical cycle of ecosystems. It helps degrade the ligno-cellulosic waste materials and release nutrient back into the ecosystem. In addition to softening wood tissues, the degradation process of wood-growing macrofungi demonstrates collaboration with other micro-organisms.

Keywords: Ayodhya, Diversity, Macrofungi, Mushroom, Wood-decomposer

 

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 62-67 (2023)                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/62-67

Polyporoid Fungi from Himachal Pradesh - Five New Additions

Hardesh Kumar¹, Avneet Pal Singh^1*, and Gulshan Bansal²

¹Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.

^*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 21, 2023; Accepted on September 21, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Five polyporoid species i.e., Fomes dahlii Henn., Ganoderma ahmadii Steyaert, G. orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden, G. sinense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu and X.Q. Zhang, and G. tsugae Murrill are described as new to Himachal Pradesh (India). It is pertinent to mention that G. tsugae is also a new record for India.

 

Keywords: Polyporaceae, Root parasite, Ganodermataceae, Mushroom, White rot

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 68-87 (2023)                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/68-87

A Checklist of the Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae Species of India

Gautam Dutta* and Rajiv Kumar Singh

Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh - 791 112, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 23, 2023; Accepted on September 22, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The families, Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae, constitute a well-known group of fungi, with a distribution that is dominant throughout the world. This article reviews available literature, books, and doctoral theses on this group of fungi, producing a checklist of Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae species. A total of 206 species has been identified, including both newly introduced and previously recorded species from India. These species belong to 23 different genera across the two distinct families. Among these, the genus, Xylaria, stands out with the highest number of species (76 spp.), making it the most species-rich genus within the two families. The genus Hypoxylon comes next, as the second most species-bearing genus (36 spp.), followed by the genus Rosellinia, which is the third most species-bearing genus (20 spp.). 

Keywords: Distribution, Fungi, Hypoxylaceae, Taxa, Xylariaceae

 

 

 

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 88-91 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/88-91

Two New Species of Cercosporoid Hyphomycetes from West Bengal, India

D. Haldar^1* and S. Bandyopadhyay²

¹Department of Botany, Brahamananda Keshab Chandra College,111/2,B.T.Road, Kolkata - 700 108, West Bengal, India.

²Department of Botany, Narasinha Dutt College, 129, Belilious Road, Howrah - 711 101, West Bengal, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 09, 2023; Accepted on September 26, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the two hitherto undescribed species of Cercospora althaeae Haldar and Bandyopadhyay sp. nov. and Stenella fici Haldar and Bandyopadhyay sp. nov. growing on the living leaves of Althaea rosea L. (Malvaceae)  and Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae) respectively  collected from Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Morphotaxonomic identity of the species are presented here along with the microphotograph and visible symptoms on host plants consulting with the current literature. 

Key Words: Anamorphic fungi, Morphotaxonomy, Foliicolous, Stenella, Cercospora

 

 

KAVAKA 59(3): 92-96 (2023)                                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/92-96

Morchella crassipes (Vent.) Pers.: First Record from Aravalli Mountain Range, Rajasthan Based on ITS Sequence Analysis

Jaipal Singh¹, Khushboo Rathore¹, Alkesh Tak¹, Praveen Gehlot^1*, Joginder Singh², and Rakesh Pathak³

¹Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur - 342 001, India.

²Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland - 798 627, India.

³ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur - 342 003, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 13, 2023; Accepted on September 29, 2023)

ABSTRACT

An ascomycetes fungus Morchella is well well-known, highly priced delicious edible macrofungi. It was first recorded from the Aravalli Mountain Range Forest, Rajasthan. An internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence was used for the delineation and identification of Morchella species that were confirmed as M. crassipes. Over-exploitation of M. crassipes for culinary and selling purposes from rare occurring sites of Aravalli Mountain Range Forest imposes a serious threat of destruction and disappearance of the species in the emerging area. 

Keywords: Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, Morhella crassipes, Phenetic approaches, DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic analysis.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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