Dear Esteemed Readers,

As we approach the 60^th volume of KAVAKA and reach another milestone of the prestigious journal of Mycological Society of India, in capacity of the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, I am compelled to emphasize the cardinal importance of timely and quality review in maintaining the credibility and relevance of our scholarly endeavours. In the dynamic realm of academia, the role of scholarly journals stands paramount. These journals serve as repositories of intellectual discourse, buttressing scientific progress and fostering the exchange of ideas. However, the integrity and impact of these journals hinge crucially upon the quality and timeliness of the review process. At the heart of scholarly communication lies the rigorous peer review process, serving as the cornerstone of academic validation and knowledge dissemination. Timely and meticulous review not only upholds the credibility of scholarly work but also ensures the advancement of scientific inquiry.

A robust and timely review upholds the rigorous standards of scientific inquiry. In an era characterized by rapid advancements and paradigm shifts, timely reviews can facilitate dissemination of vital knowledge, promote innovation, and strengthen the very essence of scholarly dialogue. Through the lens of rigorous peer review, manuscripts undergo meticulous scrutiny, ensuring that only the highest calibre of research garners the sanction of scholarly validation. Regressive peer reviewing, characterized by constructive criticism, incisive feedback, and a commitment to excellence, lays the groundwork for the cultivation of knowledge and the advancement of scientific discourse. Beyond mere dissemination, publication in reputable journals serves as a testament to the scholarly merit and significance of research findings.

Furthermore, the publication of good quality papers on the scientific forum transcends the mere dissemination of information; it engenders a culture of excellence, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, and catalyses transformative change. Each published paper represents a milestone in the collective pursuit of diligence, contributing to the edifice of human knowledge and leaving an indelible imprint on the annals of scientific history.

As custodians of intellectual integrity, it is incumbent upon us to uphold the highest standards of scholarly rigor and editorial excellence, thereby safeguarding the veracity and reliability of published research. Let us reaffirm our commitment to fostering a culture of timeliness, quality, and regressive peer review, thereby fortifying the foundations of scientific progress and perpetuating the noble pursuit of truth.

The imperative of timely and quality review in scholarly journals cannot be overstated. It is not merely a procedural formality but rather a solemn obligation to uphold the sanctity of knowledge and the integrity of scientific inquiry. In closing, I extend my sincerest gratitude to our esteemed reviewers, authors, and readers for their invaluable contributions to KAVAKA. Together, let us continue to uphold the principles of scientific rigor, integrity, and excellence, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains a noble and transformative endeavour.

31st March 2024

Sincerely,

Prof. Rupam Kapoor

Editor-in-Chief (KAVAKA) Professor,

Department of Botany University of Delhi, Delhi -110 007

Title

Content

Editorial Board

KAVAKA 60(1): 1-8 (2024)                                                                                                     DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/1-8

Dermatophytes: Keratin Eaters

Aruna G.L^*1 and Ramalingappa B²

^*1Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani’s Science Collage for Women, Mysore - 570 005, Karnataka, India.

²Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 14, 2023; Accepted on March 11, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Dermatophytes are a group of closely related keratinophilic fungi belonging to the anamorphic genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue such as skin, hair, and nails of humans and animals to produce a superficial mycotic infection called dermatophytosis. In one of the survey conducted by World Health Organization (WHO), it has been reported that about 25% people worldwide have cutaneous infections. People of all ages are affected by the dermatophytosis. Migration, climatic factors, growth in tourism, changes in socioeconomic conditions, overcrowding, healthcare, environmental hygiene, culture and individual characteristics may influence the epidemiology of dermatophytoses. There are different types of dermatophytosis and have been named according to the anatomic locations involved.. The main aim of this paper is to review the etiology, prevalence, and clinical presentation, the latest knowledge on pathogenesis of dermatomycosis. This article mainly focuses on recent published work on different aspects of dermatophytes.

Keywords: Dermatophytosis, Keratinophilic, Anthropophilic, Dermatophytes, Serology, Onychomycosis, Ringworm, Griseofulvin.

KAVAKA 60(1): 9-20 (2024)                                                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/9-20

Antibacterial and Anticancer activity of Glycolipid Biosurfactant from Manglicolous Yeast Geotrichum candidum PV 37

K. A. Nimsi and K. Manjusha^*

Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Panangad, Madavana, Kochi - 682 506, India.

*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on July 13, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Bioprospecting potentials of manglicolous yeasts are noteworthy. They have been considered a potent source of biosurfactants. In this perspective, 99 strains (PV1-99) isolated from the mangrove forest of Puthuvype, Kerala, India were screened for the production of biosurfactants. These yeasts were analyzed by the oil displacement test with 5 different oils (sunflower, olive, gingelly, diesel, coconut). Out of these 99 isolates, PV 37 Geotrichum candidum was found to be the most potent strain. The physical and chemical characterization of the biosurfactant of PV 37 revealed that it was glycolipid in nature. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The maximum yield of the biosurfactant obtained was 2.8 g/L after 120 hrs of incubation. The biosurfactant exhibited stability in a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salinity. In the prevailing scenario of multidrug resistance and limitations of chemotherapeutic agents, the search is on for safe therapeutic agents. As the biosurfactant of PV 37 displayed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 as well as antibacterial against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, it indicates its possible application in the pharmaceutical industry

Keywords: Agriculture, Biosurfactant, Yeast, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Geotrichum candidum, Glycolipid

KAVAKA 60(1): 21-31 (2024)                                                                                                DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/21-31

A Survey of Macrofungal Diversity in the Ayodhya Region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Balwant Singh^1*, Vinay Kumar Singh¹ and Shailendra Kumar²

¹Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

²Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 11, 2023; Accepted on March 25, 2024)

ABSTRACT

A survey of wild macrofungi of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh, India, yielded specimens of 30 different species representing 17 genera and 9 families. During the field work, we collected several fruiting bodies of macrofungi from their wild growing habitat and owing to their macroscopic and microscopic characteristic features. Major specimen components including the pileus, stipe, gills, and spore are expressed and concentrated from the fruiting body. A seasonal variation noted herein with nature and edibility. This is the first report of the macrofungal wealth from this holy place of the Ayodhya region in the Uttar Pradesh, India. Collected specimens certainly provide evidence of the high level of macrofungal diversity of study area.

Keywords: Ayodhya, Diversity, Macrofungi, Mushroom, Mycoflora.

KAVAKA 60(1): 32-38 (2024)                                                                                              DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/32-38

Myco-fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles from Endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht: A Novel Approach for Sustainable Plant Disease Management

Sudhir S. Shende^1,2,†, Dilip V. Hande^3,†,*, Pramod U. Ingle², Rahul Bhagat⁴, Patrycja Golinska⁵, Mahendra Rai^2,6, Tatiana Minkina¹, and Aniket K. Gade^2,5,7,‡

¹Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave, 194/1, Rostov-on-Don - 344 090, Russian Federation.

²Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati - 444 602, Maharashtra, India.

³Shri. Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Buldhana - 443 404, Maharashtra, India.

⁴Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar - 431 004, India.

⁵Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland.

⁶Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil.

⁷Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai - 400 019, Maharashtra, India.

† These authors contributed equally and share first authorship.

Corresponding authors Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on December 05, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Resistance against fungicides or antibiotics in plant pathogens is nowadays a greater challenge to the scientific community, as most of the pathogenic strains survive unless treated with anti-agents. Therefore, there is a need to develop sustainable approaches that could manage the diseases in plants. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received attention due to their eco-friendly fabrication methods and interesting antimicrobial properties. This study reported the myco-fabrication of AgNPs by a novel biogenic approach using an extract of endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht isolated from Dioscorea bulbifera (L.) leaves. The primary detection was done visually and by UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The color change in the reaction solution from pale yellow to brown indicated the formation of myco-AgNPs. The UV-Vis spectral analysis revealed a typical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 447 nm. Nanoparticle tracking and analysis (NTA) demonstrated a mean size of 51 nm with a standard deviation (SD) of 22 nm and a concentration of 5.4 × 10⁹ particles/mL. The zeta potential value was found to be -8.70 mV. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups, stabilizing the myco-AgNPs that corresponded to the proteins from the fungal extract. TEM analysis showed spherical-shaped AgNPs with an average size range of 20-30 nm. The results suggest that the endophytic fungal extract is capable of synthesizing myco-AgNPs. The synthesized myco-AgNPs could be used in the formulation of novel nano-products for sustainable disease management of agricultural crops.

Keywords: Agriculture, Epicoccum nigrum, Myco-AgNPs, Nanobiotechnology

KAVAKA 60(1): 39-47 (2024)                                                                                      DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/39-47

Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.

Lata*¹ and Narender Singh Atri²

^­1Department of Botany, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour - 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India.

²Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 21, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr. is a lignicolous edible basidiomycetous mushroom. The sporophores of this mushroom are valuable health food with high nutritional and nutraceutical properties. The work presented in this manuscript pertains to the screening of substrate for spawn production and cultivation of indigenous strain of L. sajor-caju collected from North West India. In this paper, the vegetative growth of L. sajor-caju on seven different substrates and reproductive growth on six different ligno-cellulosic substrates have been evaluated. As in other mushrooms, wheat grains supported the maximum mycelia growth amongst the evaluated substrates. L. sajor-caju, when grown on six different ligno-cellulosic substrates, gave maximum biological efficiency (56.06%) on paddy straw substrate on fresh weight basis which was far better in comparison to 44.55% biological efficiency obtained on wheat straw substrate.

Keywords: Biological efficiency, Lentinus sajor-caju, Ligno-cellulosic substrates, Primordia, Spawn, Sporophore

KAVAKA 60(1): 48-49 (2024)                                                                                          DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/48-49

Gasteroid fungus Phellorinia herculeana (Pers.) Kreisel Eaten by Rat: New Report from Indian Thar Desert, Rajasthan

Jaipal Singh¹, Khushboo Rathore¹, Alkesh Tak¹, Joginder Singh², and Praveen Gehlot^1*

^­1Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur - 342 001, India.

²Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Nagaland, Lumami - 798 627, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 29, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been found to eat the sporophore of the Gasteroid fungus, Phellorinia herculeana from the Indian Thar Desert, Rajasthan as new report. Feeding studies were used to validate the incidence, since rats were shown to consume fresh P. herculeana sporophore even when they were barely hungry. It is the first report in this direction.

Keywords: Phellorinia herculeana, Rat, Edible Sporophore, Indian Thar Desert, New Report

KAVAKA 60(1): 50-54 (2024)                                                                                                  DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/50-54

Superficial Mycosis: Epidemiological and Mycological profile from District Jammu

Bharti Sharma and Skarma Nonzom*

^­Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu - 180 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on November 1, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Superficial mycoses, which are strictly limited to the outermost keratinized non-living layers of the skin and its appendages i.e., hair and nails are known to be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts. During a clinico-mycological survey for superficial mycosis, the residents of District Jammu were screened for such infections. Diagnosis and identification of the recovered fungal isolates were based on direct microscopy, cultural and microscopic examinations. Among the recovered fungal isolates, maximum representation was of the genus Aspergillus. These infections were more prevalent among males than females. Moreover, variation in the prevalence of such infections was also observed with respect to age group, health status, and occupation of the patients. The isolations of diverse opportunistic fungal species from the human clinical samples clearly showed their potential to degrade the outermost keratinized layer of the skin eventually causing superficial mycosis. The correct and timely diagnosis of such infections and their causal agents is vital, which can further be helpful in adopting antifungal treatment.

Keywords: Superficial mycosis, Clinico-mycological profile, Fungal infections, North India

KAVAKA 60(1): 55-63 (2024)                                                                                                          DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/55-63

Developmental Studies of Indian Laboulbeniomycetes II – Peyritschiella sp.

Anupama Shukla and Anita Narang^*

^­Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 019, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on November 19, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)

ABSTRACT

The Laboulbeniales are a group of fungi known for their obligate ectoparasitic relationships with arthropods, primarily insects. Here we are describing the developmental studies of two species of Peyritschiella occurring on the rove beetle Philonthus.

Keywords: Peyritschiella , Perithecium, Antheridium, Development.

KAVAKA 60(1): 64-76 (2024)                                                                                                      DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/64-76

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Persea bombycina Against Pestalotiopsis disseminata Using Bioinoculants

Bishwanath Chakraborty^1*, Amrita Acharya², Usha Chakraborty¹, and Shilpi Ghosh³

^­1Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri - 734 013, West Bengal, India.

²Department of Microbiology, Siliguri College, Siliguri - 734 001, West Bengal, India.

³Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri - 734 013, West Bengal, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on January 15, 2024; Accepted on March 14, 2024)

ABSTRACT

Among eight different morphotypes (S1–S8) of Persea bombycina, locally known as som plant, screened for resistance against Pestalotiopsis disseminata causing grey blight disease, S5morphotype was found to be highly susceptible under field conditions. Immunodetection of P. disseminata in leaf tissue using Polyclonal antibody raised against the pathogen has been demonstrated following various immunological formats such as immunodiffusion, dot immunobinding assay, plate trapped antigen (PTA) coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence. Immunogold localization of grey blight pathogen (P. disseminata) in som leaf tissue using transmission electron microscopy has been demonstrated for the first time for this host-pathogen system .Strategies for induction of immunity in som plants (S5 morphotype) against P. disseminata using bioinoculants such as PGPF (Trichoderma asperellum), AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus) and PGPR (Bacillus pumilus) alone or in combinations have been developed. Plant growth promotion and reduction in disease severity were evident following application of bioinoculants. Significant increase in defense enzymes such as chitinase (CHT), β-1,3 glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX) were observed in both roots and leaves following the application of bioinoculants. Cellular localization of chitinase and glucanase in leaf and root tissue following induced immunity against grey blight pathogen using PAbs of chitinase and glucanase have been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. It is clearly evident that the applications of bioinoculants greatly improved the health status of som plants (S5) and also induced systemic resistance in the plant against grey blight pathogen.

Keywords: Persea bombycina, Pestalotiopsis disseminata, Grey blight, Induced resistance, Bioinoculants

KAVAKA 60(1): 77-84 (2024)                                                                                                DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/77-84

In-vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of Himalayan Lichen Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis

Praphool Kumar^1,2, Tuhina Verma²*, Sanjeeva Nayaka¹, and Dalip Kumar Upreti¹

¹Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow - 226 001, India.

²Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Allahabad Road, Ayodhya - 224 001, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on March 14, 2024; Accepted on March 29, 2024)

ABSTRACT

The lichen Heterodermia obscurata is a foliose lichen, collected from the Munsiyari Hills of the Himalayan region. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of this macro lichen. The acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of lichen were subjected to antimicrobial activities at 5mg/ml (10µl/disc) concentration by disc diffusion assay. Methanol extract of H. obscurata showed more inhibition against A. baumannii with zone of inhibition (ZOI) 13.2±0.5mm than other microorganisms. In contrast, the significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) observed against K. pneumoniae was 120µg/ml. Methanol extracts showed more inhibition of F. oxysporum than A. niger. The ZOI of antimicrobial activities also summarised by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The antioxidant activities of methanol extract are the most active than the other extracts at 1 mg/ml concentrations. The maximum free radicals scavenging activities was 68.45±0.6% calculated in methanol extract. The lichen thallus forms a potential candidate for drug discovery and development. Further studies on the isolation of active principles from the lichens and their bioactivities are under investigation.

Keywords: Lichen, Secondary metabolites, Antimicrobials, MDR, PCA

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KAVAKA 59(4): 1-13 (2023)                                                                         DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/1-13

Contributions on Mycorrhizae for Plant Protection and Crop Improvement*

N. Raaman

Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus,Chennai - 600025, India.

Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

ABSTRACT

One of the most important groups of soil microorganisms is the mycorrhizal fungi. Sixteen species of VAM fungiwere reported by me and my team from forest tree species of South India. Fifteen VAM fungal species were isolated from burned area and 16 species from the unburned area. It was found that VAM fungi are affected adversely by the intensity of the fire but they recover from a burn within 2 years. The VAM fungal association with the plant species colonizing a magnesite mine spoil was investigated and 13 VAM fungal species were identified.  Spores of GlomusfasciculatumandGigasaporagiganteawere commonly found in the magnesite mine spoil. The mycorrhizal fungi in the epiphytic and terrestrial orchids were studied and 5 AM fungal species were identified. For the first time, Pisolithustinctoriushas been reported by me and my team in tropical region in association with Eucalyptus tereticornis. Investigation on mycorrhizal association in Casuarinaequisetifoliagrown in 4 different soil types was carried and it revealed a total of 10 species of Glomus, 2 of Gigaspora and 2 of Sclerocystis. Investigation on the mycorrhizal and actinorhizal status in C. equisetifolia at 25 sites in and around coastal region of Madras, Tamil Nadu revealed the presence of total of 8 species of VAM fungi and it has been found that the dual inoculation (Frankiaand Pisolithustinctorius) gave more biomass than individual inoculation.It was shown thatPisolithustinctorius and Laccarialaccata exhibited higher amounts of IAA production than other fungi, whereas Amanita muscaria and Rhizopoganluteolus showed least quantity of IAA. The growth and acid phosphatase activity of L.laccata has been studied and it has been found that L. laccata was more tolerant to Cu than Ni and increasing Cu and Ni concentration induce the increase of acid phosphatase activity (maximum at 0.15 µm) in L. laccata. The axenic growth, total protein content and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in Amanitamuscaria was estimated and it has been found that A. muscaria was also more tolerant to Cu than Ni. Among L. laccata and Suillusbovinus, L. laccatahad maximum acid and alkaline phosphatase activities and tolerance to high concentration of chromium.Casuarinaequisetifolia seedlings were raised in glasshouse condition and inoculated with suspension of pure culture of Frankia. The nodules have been collected and analysed for the presence of cytokinin and significantly the cytokinin has been detected in the nodules. Significantly increased GA has been demonstrated in roots, nodules and cladodes of triple (Glomusfasciculatum, Pisolithustinctorius and Frankia) inoculated plants of Casuarinaequisetifolia. Maximum amounts of IAA in cladodes and roots of C.equisetifoliahave been established byHPLC analysisin triple (Glomusfasciculatum, Pisolithustinctorius and Frankia) inoculated plants than the other individual treatment of symbiont. Higher content of IAA in nodules of Glomusmosseae and Rhizobium inoculated Prosopisjuliflora has been demonstrated. Sodium alginate beads of Laccarialaccatawere prepared and the beads were viable for 10 months. The fungal hyphae in the beads formed mycorrhizal association with Eucalyptus tereticornisand enhanced growth has been demonstrated in the seedlings due to mycorrhizal association. Spores of Scutellosporaerythropa and Scu.nigra isolated from neemrhizosphere soils from coastal regions of Chennai, India were tested for axenic germination in in vitro conditions. They showed positive results in media of different composition using root exudates, soil extract, thiamine HCl and inositol. The combined medium increased the spore germination in Scu. erythropa and in Scu. nigra over water agar control. The germ tube often grew up to 3.8 cm on combined media but no vegetative spores and extramatrical auxiliary cells were observed during the experiment. There was significant increase in hyphal growth when the roots were introduced into the medium, 3 days after spore germination. Based on the method developed, growth of Glomusmosseaeand Gigasporagiganteaonin vitro root organ culture of Sorghum vulgareand Saccharum officinarumwas carried out.Spores of Gl. mosseae and Gig.gigantea germinated on minimal medium produced extraradical mycelium. Gl. mosseaeinfected roots of S. officinarum in in vitro condition were inoculated in minimal medium with in vitro cultured roots of Sorghumvulgare (test roots). From the infected root of S. officinarum, the mycelium developed and it infected the test roots. The roots developed new mycelia and further the mycelia produced a few hyaline spores. In MS medium combined with soil extract, root exudate, thiamine HCI and inositol combination, spore germination and germ tube growth were higher when compared with other media. Thus, significant contributions on the biodiversity of Indian mycorrhizal fungi and application of mycorrhizal fungi for growth improvement of plants were made.

KAVAKA 59(4): 14-17 (2023)                                                               DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/14-17

Establishment of In-vitro Culture of Glomusclarum using Vesicles

James D’Souza, K.M. Rodrigues, and B.F. Rodrigues*

School of Biological Sciences, Goa University, Goa - 403 206, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 22, 2023; Accepted on November 5, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota that enhance host plant growth through nutritional benefits.AM fungal propagules exist as spores, living hyphae, isolated vesicles, and mycorrhizal root segments. The present study reports establishing an in vitro culture of Glomusclarum using mature vesicles grown monoxenically with Ri T-DNA transformed Cichoriumintybus L.(chicory) roots. Upon inoculation, 90% germination was recorded in vesicles after 36 h in theModified Strullu and Romand (MSR) medium. Germinated vesicles were transferred to 9 cm diameter Petri plates (one vesicle/plate) containing 15 days of actively growing Ri T-DNA transformed chicory roots and incubated in the dark at 26°C. Sporulation was observed after five weeks of inoculation. The study suggests that isolated vesicles constitute an excellent source of inoculum for initiating successful in vitro culture of G. clarum.

Keywords:Vesicles, Glomusclarum, Germination, Sporulation, In vitro, Chicory roots

KAVAKA 59(4): 18-23 (2023)                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/18-23

New Records of HymenochaetoidFungi from the Mangrove Forest of Muthupet, Tamil Nadu, India

Sugantha Gunaseelan, Kezhocuyi Kezo, and Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal*

Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai - 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on October 25, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Hymenochaetoid fungi inhabiting the mangrove trees were collected from Muthupet and delimited based on morphological and microscopical analyses. Three hymenochaetoid fungi belonging to two generaFulvifomes(F.fastuosusand F. mangroviensis) and Inonotus(I. rickii),were documented.

Keywords:Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales, Phellinuss.l., Inonotuss.str.,Wood decaying fungi, Pathogenicity

KAVAKA 59(4): 24-31 (2023)                                                                  DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/24-31

Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles for Antifungal Activity Against the Human Fungal Pathogen - Candida albicans

M. Kamal¹ and Vandana Ghormade^1*

¹Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune - 411004, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 11, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen causing candidiasis in immune-compromised patients. C. albicans is resistant to the existing drugs and exists on abiotic and biotic clinical surfaces, making it difficult to control. The biofilm formed by these fungi leads to multiple hospital-acquired fungal infections. Silver nanoparticles arereported for their antimicrobial activity and absence of resistance. Hence, the study aims at the application of silver nanoparticles against C. albicans and its biofilm formation. The synthesized AgNPs were ~ 37 nm, having a -37 mV charge. This process gives a yield of 880 µg/mL of AgNPs. These nanoparticles displayed antifungal activity against C. albicans with 2.97 µg MIC. Coating the coverslip with silver nanoparticles showed efficient inhibition of the biofilm formation by C. albicans with 97.51% inhibition by fluorescence microscopy. Impregnation of catheter surfaces with 1, 2, and 3 layers of silver nanoparticles showed 7.51, 15.23, and 43.02% reduced viability of Candida by MTT assay, respectively. The luminol assay could attribute the efficiency of AgNPs to their ROS generation. Moreover, the nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic. Hence, the silver nanoparticles exert antimicrobial activity, and their coating on catheter surfaces can show the antifungal effect on C. albicans biofilm formation.

Keywords: Candida albicans, Silver nanoparticles, Biofilm, Antifungal

KAVAKA 59(4): 32-41 (2023)                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/32-41

Traditional Utilization ofWild Edible Mushrooms among the LocalCommunities ofDistrict Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Faisal Mushtaq¹, Komal Verma², Roshi Sharma²,and Yash Pal Sharma^2*

¹Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Punjab - 144001, India.

²Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir-180006, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 29, 2023; Accepted on November 15, 2023)

ABSTRACT

In the present study, documentation of the traditional uses of some wild edible mushrooms extracted from different ethnic tribes dwelling in forests of Kishtwarof Jammu &Kashmirwas made. The majority of the collected wild edible mushrooms are consumed fresh, while some are used after drying. A short description of wild edible mushrooms (WEMs), along with their local name and medicinal use, ispresented. Additionally,the ethnomycological notes and folk names of WEMs have also been added.

Keywords:Edible, Ethnomycology, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, Mushroom

KAVAKA 59(4): 42-48(2023)                                                                        DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/42-48

The First Record of Torulachromolaenae on Dung Sample of Equuskiang from Ladakh, India

Krishnappa Kavyashree¹, Thimmappa Shivanandappa², and Gotravalli RamanayakaJanardhana^*1

¹Molecular Phytodiagnostic Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru-570006, Karnataka, India.

²Visiting Professor, School of Life Sciences, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Education Center, K. R. S. Road, Mysuru-570016, Karnataka, India.

^*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 7, 2023)

ABSTRACT

An asexual hyphomycetes, TorulachromolaenaeJ.,a new record fromIndia, is being reported for the first time on a new substrateas a coprophilous inhabitant. The fungus was isolated from the dung sample of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) endemic to theTibetan plateau. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by bothmorphological andmolecular approaches combining multi-locus phylogenetic (ITS, SSU, LSU) analysis.

Keywords:Coprophilous,Hyphomycetes, Herbivore dung, Tibetan wild ass,Equuskiang, Ladakh

KAVAKA 59(4): 49-55(2023)                                                                          DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/49-55

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Association in Bryophytes from Arunachal Pradesh: a First Report

Chunam Aniyam, Amanso Tayang, and Heikham Evelin^*

Mycorrhizal Technology and Bryophytes Laboratory, Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh - 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 7, 2023; Accepted on November 5, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The present study evaluatedarbuscularmycorrhizal fungal (AMF) association with bryophytes. Twenty bryophyte specimens were collected from different natural habitats of Tirap district in Arunachal Pradesh, India.Of the 20 specimens, 11 mosses and three liverwort species showed the presence of AMF structures, such as aseptate inter- and intra-cellular hyphaeand vesicles. Marchantia sp. showed the highest percentage of AMF colonization (100%). Mosses, Anomobryumauratum, Leptodontiumhandelii, Campylopussubgracilis, Ceratodonpurpureus,Dicranellamicrospora, and Dicranodontiumfleischerianumshowed no colonization. The study is the first report onbryo-mycorrhizal association from Arunachal Pradesh.

Keywords: Bryo-mycorrhizal association, Liverworts, Mosses

KAVAKA 59(4): 56-61(2023)                                                                           DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/56-61

Fungus Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against Fungi Isolated from Soft-rot Infected Ginger

Sandip Ghaywat¹, Pramod Ingle¹, Sudhir Shende^1,2, Dilip Hande³, Mahendra Rai^1,6,Prashant Shingote⁴, Patrycja Golinska⁵, Aniket Gade^1,5,7*

¹Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati - 444 602, Maharashtra, India.

²Academy of Biology and Biotechnology,Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave, 194/1, Rostov-on-Don - 344090, Russia.

³Shri. PundlikMaharajMahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly, Buldhana - 443404, Maharashtra, India.

⁴Vasantrao Naik College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Dr. PDKV, Yavatmal - 445001, Maharashtra, India.

⁵Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland.

⁶Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil.

⁷Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga,Mumbai - 400019, Maharashtra, India.

*Corresponding authorEmail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 30, 2023; Accepted on November 1, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Ginger is one of the cash crops grown worldwide, and consumed daily as a spice food, and utilized as Ayurvedicmedicine. Soft-rotor rhizome-rot, is a major rhizome-deteriorating fungal disease caused by various fungi like Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. in ginger, leading to huge yield losses and economic losses. This study reported in vitroantifungal activity of Phomaherbarum,cell-free extract-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against Pythium and Fusarium isolates from soft-rot infected ginger, identified at the genus level microscopically. CuONPs were detected by a visible color change from blue to dark brick red precipitate and characterized by Ultra Violet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry (absorbance maxima at 630 nm) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (average size 83 nm). Stability was confirmed by Zeta potential measurement (-23.5 mV), and Face Centered Cubic crystalline structure was elucidated by X-ray diffractometry, and roughly spherical crystals were visualized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the presence of various functional groups that stabilized CuONPs. The in vitro study showed significant antifungal activity of mycogenicCuONPs against test fungi, which was substantially comparable with a chemical fungicide,i.e.,mancozeb. Accordingly, the findings supported the application of mycogenicCuONPs as a cutting-edge antifungal agent in the direction of sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Mycogenic, Nanoparticles,Phomasp.,In vitro,Characterization, Agriculture

KAVAKA 59(4): 62-74 (2023)                                                                           DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/62-74  

Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in Crops Plants – A review

Wendy Francisca Xavier Martins*¹ and B.F. Rodrigues²

¹Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa - 403 507, India.

²Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa - 403 206, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 14, 2023; Accepted on November 15, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Humans depend on many different plants as food sources, and since ancient times, cereals have been the most important. Cereals are a nutritionally important source of dietary proteins, iron, vitamin B complex, vitamin E, carbohydrates, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, fiber, and traces of minerals essential for both humans and animals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are soil fungi that form a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of plants. The review summarizes recent research on AM fungal symbiosis in crop plants. It also provides a comprehensive knowledge of AM fungi, their influence on crop plants at various stages of growth, their role in improving yield and productivity, increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, and their effect on agricultural management practices.  

Keywords: AM fungi, Growth stages, Yield, Productivity, Agricultural management

KAVAKA 59(4): 75-92(2023)                                                                               DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/4/2023/75-92

Seasonal Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Iron Ore Mine Wastelands of Goa, India

Bukhari, M.J²*and B.F. Rodrigues¹

¹School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, 403 206, Goa.

*²Department of Botany, Govt. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Quepem 403 705 Goa.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on October 20, 2023; Accepted on November 11, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal association in relation to edaphic and climatic factors was assessed in eight plant species viz., Chromolaena odoratum, Emilia sonchifolia, Mimosa pudica, Ludwigia parviflora, Ischaemum semisagittatum, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and Trema orientalisfor one year from Codli iron ore mine reject dump in Goa. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization levels and spore numbers varied significantly between the plant species in the different seasons. The calculated correlation coefficient showed that soil moisture was negatively correlated to EC, N, P, K, calcium, organic carbon, and organic matter. Soil moisture had a positive influence on AM fungal colonization and a negative influence on spore density in all the plant species. Spore number was maximum in pre-monsoon and least in monsoon, while AM colonization was maximum in monsoon and least in pre-monsoon. A total of 40 AM fungal species belonging to 13 genera were reported during the study. Among the genera, the genus Glomus was dominant in the pre-monsoon,Acaulosporawas dominant in the monsoon, and Gigaspora was dominant in the post-monsoon season.

Keywords:  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Edaphic factors, Seasonal variation, Mine spoils.

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KAVAKA 59(3): 1-7 (2023)                                                                               DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/1-7

Biomaterials from Spent Mushroom Substrate – a Sustainable Approach

1. Gurumoorthy, S. Dharani, K. Yuvarani, and V. Kumaresan*

Department of Botany, KanchiMamunivar Govt. Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry - 605 008, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 25, 2023; Accepted on September 24, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Spent mushroom substrate is not being effectively used and is true for Oyster mushroom spent substrate. Thebio-based material that is produced after the growth of fungal mycelium in substrates such as paddystrawcan be usedinconstruction industry, for packaging purposes as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastic packaging, as biodegradable containers and flower pots. Culturablemushrooms are good candidates for preparation of biomaterials from spent substrate. In the present study it was found the Pleurotusostreatus, cultured from fruit bodies available in the market and P. tuber-regium, obtained from the wild, are suitable candidates for production of such bio-materials since they were found to colonize the substrate,  paddy straw, and form a good composite material with the substrate. The identity of wild P. tuber-regium was confirmed by ITS rRNA gene sequencing.

Key words: Pleurotus, Oyster mushroom, Mushroom spent substrate, Biomaterials, Sustainable use

KAVAKA 59(3): 8-15 (2023)                                                                        DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/8-15

Production of Pecticlyases by Three ThermophilicFungi

Ranjith Kumar Rajavarm^1*, Kiran Saini², Girisham Sivadevuni¹, and S.M. Reddy¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal - 506 009, Telangana, India.

²Department of Botany, Satavahana University, Karimnagar - 505 001, Telangana, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 15, 2023; Accepted on September 25, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Production of pecticlyases by three thermophilic fungi,i.eThermomyceslanuginosus, Talaromycesluteus and Rhizomucorpusillusunder different cultural conditions was studied. Although all the three fungi were able to produce pecticlyases (exo-pectinlyases (exo-PL), endo-pectic acid lyase (endo-PAL), exo-pectinlyase (exo-PL) and pectic acid layse (endo-PAL) the degree of production varied with the fungus and prevailing environmental conditions. Temperature of 45ºCand pH 6.0-7.0 were optimum for production of different pecticlyases by the fungi understudy. The preference of carbon and nitrogen sources varied both with the fungus and enzyme concerned. A positive correlation could be observed between mycelial growth and pecticlyases production. The production of pecticlyases byall the three fungi under investigation proved to be adaptive.

Keywords: Pecticlyase, Thermomyceslanuginosus, Talaromycesluteus, Rhizomucorpusillus, Exo- and endo-pectinlyase, Exo-and endo-pecticacidlyases

KAVAKA 59(3): 16-25 (2023)                                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/16-25

Diversity and Seasonal Distribution of EndophyticMycofloraof Catharanthusroseus(L.)G. Don from Maharashtra

VarshaShrikant Nimbalkar¹ and Sanjay K. Singh^2*                   

¹Sarhad College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Katraj, Pune-411046, India.

²National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411004, India.

CorrespondingAuthorEmail:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted onMarch 20, 2023; Accepted on September 22, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Altogether twenty one species comprising eighteen genera of endophytic fungi were recovered from surface sterilized leaf lamina, leaf mid -rib, stem, petiole and inner bark samples collected from Catharanthusroseusfrom four different locations of the Maharashtra. A total of 395 endophytic isolates were obtained from 1200 plant segments of C. roseus.Mitosporic fungi were found to be dominant (74%), followed by ascomycetes (17%) and agonomycetes (9%). The overall colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi were significantly higher (χ 2 test, g= 4, P<0.001) in stem when compared to other aerial parts. The overall colonization of endophytes recovered in monsoon season were significantly (χ 2 test, g = 2, P<0.001) higher (33%) followed by summer (16.25%) and winter (15.25%). Similarly, the isolation rate was also found significantly higher during monsoon (0.59) than the summer (0.2) and winter (0.18).

Key words: Catharanthusroseus,Diversity, Endophytes, Seasonal distribution

KAVAKA 59(3): 26-35 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/26-35

Application Studies of Alkaline Protease from Marine Engyodontium album BTMF S10 in Detergent Industry and in Silver Recovery from Used X-Ray Films

Sreeja Chellappan^1*, Soorej M. Basheer¹, and M. Chandrasekaran¹

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Dr. Janaki Ammal Campus, Kannur University, Palayad, Thalassery - 670 661, Kerala, India.

^*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 5, 2023; Accepted on September 20, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Alkaline protease isolated from marine fungus Engyodontium album BTMFS10 was evaluated for its potential use as an additive in detergent formulations in detergent industry. Commercial detergent compatibility studies conducted with the E. album protease indicated that in all the detergents tested, the enzyme retained more than 90% of activity even after 3 h of incubation. Comparison of stability of E. album protease and other proteases in the presence of commercial detergent (Surf Excel Automatic) at 60 °C showed that E. album protease was significantly more active than the commercially available proteases tested. Additionally, wash performance research supported the efficiency of E. album protease in removing blood stains from clothing.  Esterase activity of the protease indicated by the cleavage of p-nitrophenyl derivatives of small chain fatty acids and was confirmed by activity staining. This fungal protease facilitated stripping of the gelatin layer of the used X-ray film towards recovery of silver. The results of the studies testified the potential of marine fungal protease for application as an addition in detergent compositions, and also in silver recovery from used X-ray films. 

Key words: Engyodontium album, Alkaline protease, Detergent additive, Silver recovery

KAVAKA 59(3): 36-50 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/36-50

Unlocking the Potential of Mushroom for Industrial Applications

Rashmi Mathur¹, Isha Gunwal², Payal Mago³, Neeraj Wadhwa⁴, and Roma Katyal^5*

¹Department of Botany, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 017, India.

²Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 036, India.

³Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 096, India.

⁴Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 201 309, India.

⁵Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 003, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 31, 2023; Accepted on September 21, 2023)

ABSTRACT 

Farms, food processing facilities, numerous factories, and other industries are producing alarming amounts of agro-industrial waste, which necessitates immediate action to prevent the negative environmental effects of its disposal and incineration. The waste, which primarily comprises cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, collectively known as lignocellulosics, holds significant untapped potential for various agro-based applications and industrial processes. In particular, mushrooms use this waste as a substrate. By producing lignocellulolytic enzymes, mushrooms break down lignocellulosic substrates and utilize them in the formation of their fruiting bodies. Consequently, mushroom farming has emerged as a leading biotechnology strategy. It addresses and benefits from agro-industrial byproducts in environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative approach. It biotransforms low-value agricultural byproducts into protein-rich nutritious foods that significantly enhances human health and contributes to the development of rural economies. Moreover, it serves as a bioremediation strategy that is less intrusive than other methods of environmental restoration. Recently, the substratum of mushrooms has been acknowledged as an invaluable source of biofuels and a plethora of enzymes that have significant vital functions in various industrial operations and are of substantial commercial value. This article offers a summary of recent scientific understanding regarding the mushroom substratum as a resource of industrially significant enzymes and biofuel.

Keywords: Agro-industrial waste; Biofuels; Enzymes; Mushroom mycelium; Spent mushroom substrate; Sustainable industrial applications.

KAVAKA 59(3): 51-61 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/51-61

Diversity of Wood-Inhabiting Macrofungi from District Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India

Balwant Singh^* and Vinay Kumar Singh

Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 09, 2023; Accepted on September 11, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Mushroom mycoflora belong to kingdom Mycota (Fungi), which harbors the most diverse group of organisms after insects on earth. Since the beginning of time, macrofungi have drawn the attention of humans due to their peculiar and startling characteristics, such as their varied color, form, and size as well as the existence of gills and pores. Macrofungi also shows great diversity in their inhabiting behaviors encompassing saprobic and parasitic. In the present study, diversity of wood inhabiting macrofungi was surveyed in study area (Ayodhya). Findings exposed a total number of 30 macrofungal species belonging to 14 families. Morphological, microscopic, and macroscopic characters were recorded. Wood inhabiting macrofungi play important role in the biogeochemical cycle of ecosystems. It helps degrade the ligno-cellulosic waste materials and release nutrient back into the ecosystem. In addition to softening wood tissues, the degradation process of wood-growing macrofungi demonstrates collaboration with other micro-organisms.

Keywords: Ayodhya, Diversity, Macrofungi, Mushroom, Wood-decomposer

KAVAKA 59(3): 62-67 (2023)                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/62-67

Polyporoid Fungi from Himachal Pradesh - Five New Additions

Hardesh Kumar¹, Avneet Pal Singh^1*, and Gulshan Bansal²

¹Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.

^*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 21, 2023; Accepted on September 21, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Five polyporoid species i.e., Fomes dahlii Henn., Ganoderma ahmadii Steyaert, G. orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden, G. sinense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu and X.Q. Zhang, and G. tsugae Murrill are described as new to Himachal Pradesh (India). It is pertinent to mention that G. tsugae is also a new record for India.

Keywords: Polyporaceae, Root parasite, Ganodermataceae, Mushroom, White rot

KAVAKA 59(3): 68-87 (2023)                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/68-87

A Checklist of the Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae Species of India

Gautam Dutta* and Rajiv Kumar Singh

Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh - 791 112, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on August 23, 2023; Accepted on September 22, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The families, Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae, constitute a well-known group of fungi, with a distribution that is dominant throughout the world. This article reviews available literature, books, and doctoral theses on this group of fungi, producing a checklist of Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae species. A total of 206 species has been identified, including both newly introduced and previously recorded species from India. These species belong to 23 different genera across the two distinct families. Among these, the genus, Xylaria, stands out with the highest number of species (76 spp.), making it the most species-rich genus within the two families. The genus Hypoxylon comes next, as the second most species-bearing genus (36 spp.), followed by the genus Rosellinia, which is the third most species-bearing genus (20 spp.). 

Keywords: Distribution, Fungi, Hypoxylaceae, Taxa, Xylariaceae

KAVAKA 59(3): 88-91 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/88-91

Two New Species of Cercosporoid Hyphomycetes from West Bengal, India

D. Haldar^1* and S. Bandyopadhyay²

¹Department of Botany, Brahamananda Keshab Chandra College,111/2,B.T.Road, Kolkata - 700 108, West Bengal, India.

²Department of Botany, Narasinha Dutt College, 129, Belilious Road, Howrah - 711 101, West Bengal, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 09, 2023; Accepted on September 26, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the two hitherto undescribed species of Cercospora althaeae Haldar and Bandyopadhyay sp. nov. and Stenella fici Haldar and Bandyopadhyay sp. nov. growing on the living leaves of Althaea rosea L. (Malvaceae)  and Ficus hispida L. (Moraceae) respectively  collected from Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Morphotaxonomic identity of the species are presented here along with the microphotograph and visible symptoms on host plants consulting with the current literature. 

Key Words: Anamorphic fungi, Morphotaxonomy, Foliicolous, Stenella, Cercospora

KAVAKA 59(3): 92-96 (2023)                                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/3/2023/92-96

Morchella crassipes (Vent.) Pers.: First Record from Aravalli Mountain Range, Rajasthan Based on ITS Sequence Analysis

Jaipal Singh¹, Khushboo Rathore¹, Alkesh Tak¹, Praveen Gehlot^1*, Joginder Singh², and Rakesh Pathak³

¹Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur - 342 001, India.

²Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland - 798 627, India.

³ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur - 342 003, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on September 13, 2023; Accepted on September 29, 2023)

ABSTRACT

An ascomycetes fungus Morchella is well well-known, highly priced delicious edible macrofungi. It was first recorded from the Aravalli Mountain Range Forest, Rajasthan. An internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence was used for the delineation and identification of Morchella species that were confirmed as M. crassipes. Over-exploitation of M. crassipes for culinary and selling purposes from rare occurring sites of Aravalli Mountain Range Forest imposes a serious threat of destruction and disappearance of the species in the emerging area. 

Keywords: Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, Morhella crassipes, Phenetic approaches, DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic analysis.

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From the Editor’s Desk

 Dear readers,

 Welcome to the second issue of 59th volume of KAVAKA through which we envision to delve into the fascinating world of Fungi. Through this issue the endeavour is to highlight the importance of exploring fungal diversity, documenting its wonders, and insinuating how mycology can generate incredible avenues for scientific advancement and human well-being. Fungi, the treasure trove, occupy prime place in the biological world in their pristine form. India is a cradle for a galaxy of fungi, however only a fraction of its total fungal wealth has been subjected to scientific scrutiny. Fungi form a kingdom of their own, separate from plants and animals, with an estimated diversity of millions of species. Yet, we have only scratched the surface of understanding their true potential. It’s about time to unveil nature's hidden secrets and appreciate the intricate web of life that fungi weave. Attributable to the sheer number of fungal species, cataloguing and documentation of their diversity is a challenging task. In light of that, it is imperative that we invest in comprehensive fungal surveys, DNA sequencing, and taxonomic studies to unravel the hidden treasures of the fungal kingdom before they become unsalvageable. Exploring fungal diversity and documentation thereof are extremely crucial to pave towards further evaluation of their potential in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and as biofertilizers. By studying the vast array of fungal species, we can better comprehend the intricate mechanisms that drive our ecosystems, leading to more sustainable practices and conservation efforts. Furthermore, by expanding our knowledge of fungal diversity and bioprospecting them, we can discover new bioactive compounds that may revolutionize the treatment of diseases and improve human health. From the humble mushroom farm to the cutting-edge laboratories of pharmaceutical companies, fungi are proving to be a game-changer across industries. It is imperative that we recognize and capitalize on the potential of fungi, fostering research, investment, and sustainable practices. By doing so, we can unlock a myriad of opportunities, driving economic growth, advancing healthcare, and enhancing the quality of our lives while nurturing the planet's rich fungal biodiversity. It presents opportunities to engage with scientists, enthusiasts, and professionals alike, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing. Through mycology societies, research institutions, and community-driven initiatives, we can build a collective effort to unravel the mysteries of fungi, harness their potential for the greater good, and ensure fair recognition and protection of the efforts and innovations derived from fungi by safeguarding intellectual property. There is no price tag for curiosity, and it is mankind’s yearning for the ‘unknown’ that has made our species excel. In conclusion, dear readers, I would like to emphasize that it is our moral duty as mycologists to showcase the valuable facet of fungi. By dispelling misconceptions, highlighting ecological contributions, unveiling economic and industrial benefits, and educating future generations, mycologists can play a vital role in transforming the perception of fungi. Embracing this responsibility can lead to a greater understanding and appreciation of fungi, paving the way for sustainable utilization, conservation, and the realization of the tremendous benefits that fungi offer to society and the environment. With that commitment, let us embark on a journey to explore fungal diversity with curiosity and reverence. Together, through this issue of KAVAKA, let us celebrate the wonders of the fungal kingdom and protect its rich heritage for generations to come. The present issue of KAVAKA stands as a testament to the collective commitment of the members of MSI to academic excellence and the pursuit of knowledge. My deepest appreciation is reserved for the Editor of this issue, Dr. Naveen Kango, for his meticulous attention to detail, unwavering commitment to excellence, and the countless hours devoted to ensuring the quality of the published articles. Undoubtedly, it is through the collaborative efforts of the entire KAVAKA community that we continue to thrive and make a meaningful impact in the scholarly landscape. Wishing you an enlightening and inspiring reading experience.   

June 30, 2023 

Prof. Rupam Kapoor

(Editor in Chief KAVAKA)

Professor, Department of Botany

University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007

Title

Content

Editorial Board

KAVAKA 59(2): 01-25 (2023)                                                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/01-25                                                                                                                    

Diversity and Industrial Applications of Fungal Pectinases

Asheesh Kumar Mishra¹, Kaushal Kishor Mishra¹, Chaudhary Shalu Singh², Manyata Sharma¹, Deepak Chand Sharma^1*

^1*Department of Microbiology, DSMNR University, Lucknow - 226 017, Uttar Pradesh, India.

²Research Scientific Officer, Mohan Meakin Limited, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad - 201 007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

^*Department of Microbiology, DSMNR University, Lucknow - 226 017, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

 (Submitted on May 31, 2023; Accepted on June 04, 2023)

Abstract

Pectins play a vital role in maintaining the structure and firmness of plant tissues, providing resilience to cell walls and protecting plants from drought and wilting. Fungi possess a diverse group of extracellular pectinolytic enzymes, known as pectinases, which serve as valuable tools for infecting their host plants or drawing energy by degrading plant materials. Pectinases specifically target and break down pectin and pectic substances into monomers with diverse modes of action. In food processing, winemaking, paper, tea, coffee and textile industries, pectinases are widely recognized as the commonly used enzymes. They are employed in developing new products, enhancing production of the existing products, physical, chemical and sensory properties and increasing overall yield. This review aims at targeting the biochemical characteristics of fungal pectinases, with specific focus on their relevance in different industries. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of fungal pectinases in various industrial processes.

Keywords: Pectinases, Polygalacturonase, Fungal pectinases, Alkaline Pectinases, Acidic Pectinases, Fiber retting,

KAVAKA 59(2): 26-39 (2023)                                                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/26-39                                                                                                                    

A Commercial-Scale, Circular-Economical Bio-Refinery Model for Sustainable Yields of Mushrooms, Cellulase-Complex, Bio-Priming Agents, Bio-Ethanol, and Bio-Fertilizer

Navnit Kumar Ramamoorthy¹, Vinoth Vengadesan², Revanth Babu Pallam¹, Vignesh Krishnasamy¹, Sudha Rani Sadras², Sahadevan Renganathan³, Venkateswara Sarma Vemuri^1,*

¹Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry - 605 014, India.

²Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry - 605 014, India. 

³Biofuel Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai - 600 025, India.

^*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on June 01, 2023; Accepted on June 04, 2023)

ABSTRACT

In the present study, 126-day-long commercial-scale demonstration of a circular-economical bio-refinery, its sequential operational stages, employing 96 kg of a substrate mixture comprising urban vegetative waste and e-commerce packaging waste, resulted in yields of: 36 kg of mushrooms; 124,800 IU of exoglucanase; 1.2 x 10¹³ seed bio-priming agents; 1.08 L of bio-ethanol; 6.76 kg of bio-compost/bio-fertilizer. The first stage of oyster mushroom cultivation resulted in degradations of 73.8% lignin and 88.2% hemicellulose. Remnant biomass from the mushroom cultivation phase was subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF) employing Trichoderma koningii Oudemans Tk-7 for the production of in-house cellulases. Post SSF, the harvested spores of T. koningii, when used as a seed bio-priming agent, resulted in a 26% average increase in the percentages of germination. Remnant biomass from SSF, after an in-house cellulase-based saccharification and fermentation, resulted in a bio-ethanol yield of 0.43 g/g of glucose. The unsaccharified biomass fraction, when subjected to cow dung-based aerobic windrow composting, resulted in a bio-compost, which exhibited a 242.5% increase in seed germination indices. Significant variables related to bio-process and substrate utilization have been analysed. With a ~70% process-related profit margin, the proposed approach could prove to be a promising agripreneurial proposition.

Keywords: Bio-compost; Biomass pre-treatment; Bio-refinery; Germination indices; Saccharification; Seed bio-priming. 

KAVAKA 59(2): 40-48 (2023)                                                                                                                                     DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/40-48

Production of Extracellular Endo-inulinase from Fusarium oxysporum Using Garlic Extract as Substrate for Generation of Fructooligosccharides (FOS)

Hemant Kumar Rawat, Sumat Chand Jain, Naveen Kango*

Enzyme and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh - 470 003, India.

^*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 17, 2023; Accepted on June 04, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Various carbon sources were evaluated for production of inulinase by Fusarium oxysporum RS-115. Highest inulinase activity was observed with garlic extract (15.24 nkat/ml) as carbon source. The enzyme activity was 2.8 folds higher than that observed in media containing pure chicory inulin (5.39 nkat/ml). The Fungus showed good growth on a simple medium containing garlic extract (20% w/v) and yeast extract (2%w/v) as carbon and nitrogen source respectively, in 120 h at 30°C and 150 rpm. Among various protein sources tested, yeast extract was found to be the best source followed by peptone (12.15 nkat/ml) and beef extract (9.84 nkat/ml). The enzyme was optimally active at pH (5.0) and 50°C. All metal salts except MnSO4, MgSO4 and FeCl3 were not well tolerated and did adversely affect inulinase activity. Inulinase activity was found reduced significantly in presence of EDTA and PMSF whereas the activity of inulinase was inhibited by pCMB. TLC and HPLC analysis of end products revealed that inulinase hydrolyzed inulin exclusively into fructose and fructooligosacharides. Results suggest that the garlic induced endoinulinase synthesis in F. oxysporum RS-115 and can be utilized as a potential substrate for inulinase production.

Key words: Inulinase, Allium sativum, fructoologosaccharides, Fusarium oxysporum.

KAVAKA 59(2): 49-51 (2023)                                                                                                                                       DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/49-51

Evaluation of Ready-Mix Fungicides Against Okra Root Rot [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.] Under In Vitro Condition

Hemangi J Kapadiya , J.R. Talaviya^*, K.D. Shah, R.H. Ghadiya

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh - 360 201, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on February 07, 2023; Accepted on June 04, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is the only vegetable crop of significance in the Malvaceae family and is very popular in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. In India, it ranks first in its consumption. The crop was found to suffer from stem and root rot disease in severe form in many regions of Gujarat state during Kharif, 2021. So, for its management ready mix fungicides evaluated under in vitro condition, among the different tested fungicides carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% found effective treatment with 93.40 per cent mycelial growth at 1000 ppm concentration and it found statistically at par with carbendazim 25%+ mancozeb 50% gave 92.92 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 1000 ppm. Next best was carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5%with 90.66 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 500 ppm and it found statistically at par with metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5% gave 89.51 per cent mycelial growth inhibition at 1000 ppm.

Key words: Okra, Root rot, Ready mix fungicide, Macrophomina phaseolina

KAVAKA 59(2): 52-64 (2023)                                                                                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/52-64

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Potential Agents in Augmenting Growth and Stress Tolerance in Plants

Charu Kalra¹, Sargam Bharti², Sonal Bhatnagar³, Bhoopander Giri⁴, Reeta Kumari^*1

¹Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 078, India.

²Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi - 110 062, India.

³Department of Environmental Studies, Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women, University of Delhi - 110 026, India.

⁴Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 036, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 29, 2023; Accepted on June 27, 2023)

Abstract

Plants encounter a variety of difficulties when they are growing, many of which are exacerbated by increasing anthropogenic activities. Among such challenges, heavy metal accumulation in plants has raised serious concerns for the ecosystem and human health. Phytoremediation has emerged as a viable strategy to restore soil fertility without requiring expensive processes in order to solve the issue of heavy metal toxicity in an environmentally sustainable manner. However, several problems that lead to low plant growth rates due to metal toxicity in polluted soil limit the effectiveness of this technique. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) effectively reduce heavy metal phytotoxicity and play a pivotal role in phytoremediation by augmenting plants’ tolerance. AMF contributes to the successful remediation of contaminated sites, acts as a biofertilizer, promotes plant growth, enhances yield, and improves overall plant quality. This review summarized the potential of AMF in promoting plant development and addressing various challenges faced by plants exposed to heavy metals. It discussed the different roles that AMFs play and the mechanisms through which they contribute to phytoremediation. By understanding the beneficial effects of AMF, we can harness their potential to mitigate the detrimental impacts of anthropogenic activities and ensure the sustainable management of ecosystems.

Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Phytoremediation, Nutrient exchange, Soil fertility

KAVAKA 59(2): 65-74 (2023)                                                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/65-74                                                                                                                    

Screening of Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) Germplasm Against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis) and its Utilization in Hybrid Development

Sayeed AH Patel*¹, Ajmer Singh Dhatt¹, Sat Pal Sharma¹, Hament Thakur²

¹Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab - 144 521, India.

²Regional Research Station-Punjab Agricultural University, Ballowal Saunkhri, SBS Nagar, Punjab - 144 521, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on December 13, 2021; Accepted on June 04, 2023)

Abstract

Fusarium wilt is serious disease of muskmelon throughout globe. Fifty accessions of muskmelon and its relatives (Fom differentials, snapmelon and wild melon) were used for hybrid making in half diallel manner. Fifty accessions were screened at expanded cotyledonary stage after inoculation with local Fom isolate under artificial conditions. Based on disease severity, eight accessions were found highly resistant (0.00-21.67%) and three moderately resistant (28.33-36.67%).The Fom resistant differentials; Hemed (AUDPC 850; severity 91.67%) and F-65 (AUDPC 983.33; severity 88.33%) showed susceptible reaction, which signifies the presence of new Fom pathogenic race. Further, eight highly resistant and two susceptible genotypes were crossed to generate 45 hybrids. These hybrids were screened under wilt sick plot for two consecutive years for fusarium wilt disease incidence and other important yield traits. Out of 45 hybrids, KP₄HM-15 × MM-202, KP₄HM-15 × Kajri Sel. 1, MM-314 × KP₄HM-15, and Kajri Sel. 1 × MM-202 were best performing resistant hybrids for yield and quality traits with least incidence of fusarium wilt disease. Based on the results, we concluded that, novel putative resistant genes prevail in Indian germplasm which can further be mapped for the identification of linked markers to strengthen the hybrid development program against newly evolving pathogenic races in muskmelon and cantaloupe.

Keywords: Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis, Hybrid development, F-65, Hemed, Snapmelon

KAVAKA 59(2): 75-81 (2023)                                                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/75-81                                                                                                                    

Agro Composite Waste: A Novel and Economical Substrate for the Production of Edible Mushroom

 Veeresh Nandikolmath­^1*, S. Shankara Somashetty¹, Bhagyashree H², Priya M², Varsha C² 

 ¹ Stroma Biotechnologies Private Limited, Bengaluru - 560 022, Karnataka, India.

²Department of Microbiology, Nrupathunga University, Bengaluru - 560 001, Karnataka, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on February 02, 2023; Accepted on June 23, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Mushrooms are edible macrofungi grown in many countries using various agricultural wastes.  Mushrooms transform lignocellulosic waste and residues into valuable bioactive compound which are very important in the food and pharma industry.  The purpose of this study was to grow Calocybe indica on 5 different substrates (Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, and Type E) prepared from agro-waste such as rice bran, wheat bran, cow dung, rice straw, and leftover orange residue after essential oil extraction. Type-C substrate showed the highest biological efficiency, giving an optimal mushroom yield of 16.049% w/w and also exhibited the highest nutritional value as follows; the highest phenol content was observed in the Type-D category and the lowest in Type-C category, where mushroom showed 2.11 GAE/100g phenol content. The Type-B category mushrooms show the highest carbohydrates, energy, and ah contents compared to other types category mushrooms. The Type-E category mushroom shows highest protein and fibre content. The Type-D category mushroom contains highest Phenol and moisture content. The Type-C category mushroom contain normal and low nutritional values compared to another category mushroom. Therefore, black soil in a trace amount along with orange residue would enhance the biological efficiency and nutritional profile of Calocybe indica.

Keywords: Mushroom, Nutritional content, Spawn, Substrate, Calocybe indica, Biological efficiency.

KAVAKA 59(2): 82-84 (2023)                                                                                                                                      DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/82-84                                                                                                                    

First Report of Golovinomyces sp. (Euoidium sp.) Causing Powdery Mildew on Aster amellus L. in India

Thite S.V.¹*, Hande P.R.², Pise N.M.³, Chavan, C.D.⁴

^{1, 3,} Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Mahavidyalaya, Pandharpur, Solapur  -  413 305, Maharashtra, India.

² Baburaoji Gholap College, Sangvi, Pune  -  411 027, Maharashtra, India.

⁴Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur  -  416 004, Maharashtra, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on February 20, 2023; Accepted on June 13, 2023)

ABSTRACT

In November 2020, leaves of Aster amellus with typical symptoms of powdery mildew were collected in the Botanical Garden of Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra, India. Based on its morphological characters, the pathogen was identified as Golovinomyces sp. (Euoidium sp.). This is the first report of powdery mildew on A. amellus in India.

Key words: Aster amellus, Asteraceae, Euoidium sp., Golovinomyces sp.

KAVAKA 59(2): 85-91 (2023)                                                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/85-91                                                                                                                    

Developmental Studies of Indian Laboulbeniales - Dimeromyces anisolabis (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes)

Anita Narang¹, Anupama Shukla^1*, Surinder Kaur² 

^­1Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 019, India.

²Department of Botany, S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, India.

*Corresponding author’s Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 29, 2023; Accepted on June 27, 2023)

Abstract

The morphological development of the thallus of Dimeromyces anisolabis Thaxter is described and illustrated. It is a dioecious genus, collected from the common earwigs. The developmental stages of both the male and female thalli have been described. Supporting figures are camera lucida drawings and photographic illustrations.

Key words: Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes, Perithecium, Antheridi

KAVAKA 59(2): 92-103 (2023)                                                                                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/2/2023/92-103                                                                                                                    

Diversity of Agaricales from Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, India-I

Anjali Rajendra Patil and Sushant Ishwar Bornak*

Department of Botany, Rajaram College, Kolhapur - 416 004, Maharashtra, India.

*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on March 29, 2023; Accepted on June 27, 2023)

Abstract

Order Agaricales is dominated by gilled mushrooms and is the most diverse group distributed worldwide. Many gilled mushrooms are best known for their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical importance. Kolhapur is one of the most developed districts of Maharashtra and is southernmost tip of the state. With an area of 8,074 km2, the district has Sahyadri mountain ranges on the western side, while the remaining region is a part of Deccan Plateau and rain shadow zone on the east. As a part of Western Ghats, the district has an ample floristic and fungal diversity. In the present work, 13 species of Agaricales, viz., Agaricus xanthoderma, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Clarkeinda trachodes, Coprinellus disseminatus, Cystoagaricus trisulphuratus, Hygrocybe astatogala, Hypholoma subviride, Leucoagaricus americanus, Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Marasmius pellucidus, Pleurotus djamor, and Termitomyces clypeatus have been described, of which Clarkeinda trachodes, Hypholoma subviride, and Marasmius pellucidus have been reported for the first time from Maharashtra state.

Keywords: Diversity, Agaricales, Mushrooms, Maharashtra, Western Ghats, Taxonomy

Instructions to Authors 

 

Title

Content

Editorial Board

KAVAKA 59(1): 1-6 (2023)                                                                  DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/1-6

Mangrove Fungi for the Future

K. Kathiresan* and M. Kalaiselvam

Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 002, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on February 22, 2023; Accepted on February 28, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Mangicolous fungi are biologically diverse and ecological important to determine the productivity of mangrove ecosystems. The mangrove fungi are largely untapped for bioprospecting potential. Further studies are required for enzymes and novel chemical entities especially glycolipids from the mangrove fungi.

Keywords: Mangroves, Mangicolous fungi, Fungal diversity, Fungal prospecting

KAVAKA 59(1): 7-15 (2023)                                                              DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/7-15

Bheemamyces uvariae sp. nov., a New Foliar Mycobiont from Andaman Archipelago, India

A. Sabeena and H. Biju*  

Microbiology Division, KSCSTE - Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode-695 562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 

(Submitted on November 04, 2022; Accepted on March 08, 2023)

ABSTRACT

An infrequent foliicolous fungal species, Bheemamyces uvariae sp. nov., was found infecting the leaves of Uvaria hamiltonii Hook. f. and Thomson (Annonaceae), collected from Mount Harriet National Park, South Andaman is described and illustrated in detail. Bheemamyces uvariae is characterized in having both lateral appressoria on the main hyphae and lateral, sublateral to intercalary appressoria on the hyphae originated from the main hyphae, narrower, curved, slightly elevated from the host surface and pointed at the tip. This is the first record of the genus Bheemamyces on the members of the family Annonaceae. 

Keywords: Annonaceae, Bheemamyces, Black mildew, New species, South Andaman

KAVAKA 59(1): 16-24 (2023)                                                         DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/16-24

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Association with Mangrove Plants in Tamil Nadu, India 

C. Shankarammal and M. Kalaiselvam* 

Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 002, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on February 27, 2023; Accepted on February 28, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with four mangrove plant species viz., Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata in two locations of Cuddalore and Mayiladuthurai districts in Tamil Nadu, India. Soil properties were analysed to determine their potential effects on the distribution of AM fungi. The present study revealed that all the mangroves had AM fungal association with varying amount of root colonization (55-86%) and soil spore density (176 to 350 spores/100g soil). Among them, R. mucronata was recorded with the maximum spore density (350 spores/100 g soil) while A. officinalis had the minimum spore density (176 spores/100 g soil). Physico chemical analyses showed the soil had slightly acidic pH (6.2-6.5), low level of phosphorus (P) (14.23-17.25 kg/acre), and high level of nitrogen (N) (51.2-54.5 kg/acre).  Soil P and salinity appeared to be the important factors influencing AM fungal association in mangrove plants. The AM fungal spores of four different genera viz., Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Scutellospora were recorded. The AM fungi were found to be an important component on the landward fringe of mangrove habitats. 

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Acaulospora, Mangroves, Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Gigaspora, Glomus, Scutellospora, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata 

KAVAKA 59(1): 25-32 (2023)                                                           DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/25-32

Talaromyces qii, a New Record of a Rare Talaromyces from the Northern Western Ghats, India

Nikhil Ashtekar¹, Kunhiraman C. Rajeshkumar^1,2*, Sneha Lad¹, Harikrishnan K,¹ and Sherin Varghese³

¹National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Gr., Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune-411 004, Maharashtra, India. 

²Faculty of Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Rd, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India.

³School of Bioscience, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-411 007, Kerala, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on December 07, 2022; Accepted on January 02, 2023)

ABSTRACT

In this study, Talaromyces qii belonging to the section Talaromyces is reported as a new record from India based on the morphology and phylogenetic analyses of four gene datasets viz. ITS, BenA, CaM, and rpb2. This is the second report of this rare Talaromyces species from across the world. Phylogenetically, the Indian strain T. qii (NFCCI 5151) formed a sister lineage to the type species T. qii (AS3 15414) due to the sequencing error in the type. The quality assessment of the four gene sequences derived from all type strains of section Talaromyces in this study evaded the proposal of a redundant novelty in this section, aligning the Indian strain NFCCI 5151 along with T. qii (AS3 15414). Morphology of type strain T. qii (AS3 15414) and T. qii (NFCCI 5151) are mostly identical, viz. elongated, biverticillate-symmetrical conidiophores, acerose phialides, and ellipsoidal or sub-globose conidia with echinulate ornamentation. However, the Indian strain has longer conidiophores and a larger conidia size than type strain T. qii and T. thailandensis. This study resolved the phylogeny of a new record of Talaromyces qii in the section Talaromyces from India through the most modern taxonomic approaches.

Keywords: Ascomycota, BenA, rpb2, Talaromyces, Trichocomaceae, India 

KAVAKA 59(1): 33-47 (2023)                                                           DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/33-47

Bioprospecting Marine Fungal Enzymes-Scope and Challenges

Chandrasekaran Muthusamy* and Kalaiselvam Murugaiyan 

CAS in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on March 04, 2023; Accepted on March 09, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Marine microorganisms are promising source of enzymes with industrial applications due to their immense genetic and biochemical diversity. Availability of novel enzymes, advancements in enzymology and enzyme technology have significantly contributed to the industrial application of enzymes and the rapid expansion of the enzyme market. In this context marine fungal enzymes assume greater attention recently owing to the great demand for novel and efficient biocatalysts for industrial applications and other services. This situation has warranted exploration of marine fungal biodiversity for new enzymes. The present review focus on bioprospecting of marine fungal enzymes produced by lesser studied fungi, identification of research gaps, challenges in pursuing research in harnessing the potentials of marine fungi, and the scope for future prospects. Role of fungal enzymes in biogeochemical processes in marine environments, bioremediation, and plastic degradation is discussed indicating marine fungi as source of industrial enzymes. Scope for exploring marine fungal diversity and potentials of extremozymes, cold adaptive enzymes and halophilic fungal enzymes, besides the need for bioprocess development are discussed. Moreover, the challenges lying ahead in pursuing research on marine fungi are also discussed to draw the attention of mycologists and biotechnologists to appropriately harness the marine fungi.

Keywords: Marine fungal enzymes, Marine fungal diversity, Potential applications, Prospects 

KAVAKA 59(1): 48-55 (2023)                                          DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/48-55

Diversity of Genus Ceriporia Donk in India

Gurpreet Kaur¹, Avneet Kaur², Ellu Ram², Harminder Kaur², Hardeep Kaur², Avneet Pal Singh²* and Gurpaul Singh Dhingra² 

¹Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar-143 002, Punjab, India.

²Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on May 16, 2022; Accepted on February 10, 2023)

ABSTRACT

The present paper describes eight species of the resupinate, poroid genus Ceriporia Donk based on the specimens collected from different localities in Punjab, Union Territory of Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh (India). Of the described species, C. alachuana (Murrill) Hallenb., C. camaresiana (Bourdot and Galzin) Bondartsev and Singer, C. davidii (D.A. Reid) M. Pieri and B. Rivoire, C. microspora I. Lindblad and Ryvarden, C. reticulata (Hoffm.) Domanski, C. spissa (Schwein. ex Fr.) Rajchenb. and C. tarda (Berk.) are recorded as new to India. C. leptoderma (Berk. and Broome) Ryvarden is being reported for the first time from Punjab plains. Key to 12 species of the genus, eight described in the present paper and four reported by the earlier workers, reported so far from India is also provided. 

Key words: Polypore, Mushroom, White rot, Wood rotting fungi, Pores

KAVAKA 59(1): 56-74 (2023)                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/56-74

Preparation of Nutrient Enriched Bio-Formulation(s) Using Vermi-Compost as a Carrier Material for Sustainable Agriculture

Praful Kumar*, Sandhya Sahu, and K.P. Verma

Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur- 492 012, Chhattisgarh, India. 

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

(Submitted on November 08, 2022; Accepted on February 24, 2023)

ABSTRACT

A nutrient enriched bio-formulation(s) was prepared by inoculating the combination of bio-inoculants viz., Trichoderma sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chroococcum in vermicompost supplemented with minimal inorganic fertilizers i.e., Diammonium phosphate and Muriate of potash, which is compatible with bio-inoculants. Twenty four Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different locations of Dhamtari, Rajnandgaon, and Kabirdham District of Chhattisgarh. All the 24 Trichoderma isolates were evaluated for compatibility with P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum. Three Trichoderma isolates were found compatible with both the bacterial bio-inoculants. Trichoderma isolates TRT2, TRT-9, and TRT-12 found potentially able to produce IAA, siderophore, HCN, cellulase, chitinase, and phosphatase. Similarly, P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum individually having potential to produce IAA, siderophore, HCN, cellulase, chitinase, and phosphatase. Trichoderma isolate TRT-2 did not produce HCN and A. chroococcum did not produce cellulase enzymes. Trichoderma isolates i.e. TRT-2, TRT-9, and TRT-12, P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum individually were further evaluated for sensitivity with inorganic fertilizers i.e., DAP, MoP, SSP, urea, and complex fertilizer 28:28:00. TRT-2, TRT-9, and TRT-12 were inhibited by urea and complex fertilizer (28:28:00) at all concentrations. However, SSP could not inhibit the growth at any concentration, whereas inhibition percentages in DAP were ranged, 0.00-42.10%, 0.0-0.20%, and 0.37-19.11% for TRT-2, TRT-9, and TRT-12, respectively. Successive increases in concentration up to 5% of fertilizer could not affect the growth of isolate TRT-9 that leads to resistance. Based on the above mentioned findings, three formulations (1) Vermicompost enriched with three bio-inoculants i.e. Trichoderma isolates, P. fluorescens, and A. chroococcum, (2) DAP (5% w/w) and MoP (2% w/w) supplemented vermicompost enriched with three bio-inoculants i.e. Trichoderma isolates, P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum, and (3) DAP (10% w/w) and MoP (3% w/w) supplemented vermicompost enriched with three bio-inoculants i.e. Trichoderma isolates, P. fluorescens, and A. chroococcum, were constituted and evaluated.

Keywords: Trichoderma isolates; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Azotobacter chroococcum; Nutrient Enrichment; Bio-formulation(s). 

KAVAKA 59(1): 75-82 (2023)                                                           DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/75-82

Diversity Status of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi in Association with Selected Mangrove Plants in Tamil Nadu

Anish V. Pachu and V. Mohan* 

Division of Forest Protection, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore-641 002, India.

*Emeritus Professor, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai-600 025, India. *Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 

(Submitted on February 14, 2023; Accepted on February 28, 2023)

ABSTRACT

An investigation was carried out for three mangrove plant species from two coastal regions - Parangipettai and Pazhayar - of Cuddalore and Mailaduthurai districts, respectively, Tamil Nadu, India to determine their symbiotic association potential with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. All mangrove plants developed AM fungal colonization in their root tissues with a mean range of 85% - 95%. All the soil sediment samples had AM fungal spores with a density range from 196 - 1403 spores/100g air-dried soil sediment. Variations in AM fungal root colonization and soil spore densities were found statistically significant. Maximum percent root colonization and soil spore population of AM fungi were recorded in samples of Rhizophora mucronata in both the study locations. Frequency distribution of AM fungi was also determined, and it was found that the rhizosphere samples of three mangrove species had maximum fungal population of Rhizophora mucronata, which was followed by that of R. apiculata in both the study locations. Significance of the findings is discussed in detail. 

Keywords: AM fungi, Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Mangroves, Avicennia, Rhizophora

KAVAKA 59(1): 83-91 (2023)                                                                 DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/83-91

Molecular Identification and Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma species from Chilli Field Soil in Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India

Gomathi, S.*, Ambikapathy, V., Panneerselvam, A., and Gayathri, G. 

AVVM Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous) Poondi-613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India.

(Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-630024, Tamil Nadu, India)

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 

(Submitted on February 08, 2023; Accepted on February 28, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Trichoderma asperellam is a fungal species that is frequently utilized in the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. The creation of analytical enzymes enhances its ability to control biological infections. It has been highlighted that physical traits alone are insufficient for identifying these fungal species. As a result, the study's goal was to use molecular markers to identify Trichoderma species and assess their antagonistic effectiveness against plant pathogens. T. asperellam have antagonistic and physiologically controlled activity, which inhibited the pathogenic fungus to the greatest extent possible in a dual culture approach. T. asperellam had the highest inhibition (62.7%), followed by T. harzianum (56.0%), T. koeningii (56.0%), Aspergillus niger (52.5%), Aspergillus sulphureus (48.5%), Penicillium sp. (48.41%), and Aspergillus flavus (47.3%). 

Keywords: Trichoderma sp, Biocontrol, Molecular identification, Gene sequencing 

KAVAKA 59(1): 92-97 (2023)                                                                                                   DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/59/1/2023/92-97

Bactrospora mangrovei sp. nov., a Novel Marine Lichenized Fungus from Muthupet Mangroves of India Based on Morpho-molecular Data

B. Devadatha and V. Venkateswara Sarma*

Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry-605 014, India.

*Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. 

(Submitted on March 08, 2023; Accepted on March 09, 2023)

ABSTRACT

Muthupet mangrove forests in Tamil Nadu is relatively a smaller belt when compared to other mangrove forests on the east coast of India. On 7 mangrove hosts we have recorded more than 78 fungi. The unravelling of novel marine fungi continues with the description of Bactrospora mangrovei, a new marine lichenized fungus, from the Muthupet mangroves, Tamil Nadu, East coast of India which is being reported in this paper. The species B. mangrovei is characterized by having apothecia that are numerous, frequently non-stromatic, round to irregular, coriaceous, reddish brown to black, asci bitunicate, cylindrical with short pedicels, apically rounded and ascospores uniseriate to biseriately arranged, fasciculate, filiform, 8-10 septate, partially overlapping, hyaline, rounded at both ends. 

Keywords: New species, Taxonomy, Lichenized fungi, Phylogeny

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