Dear Readers,
Greetings from the Editor’s desk!
With immense pride and enthusiasm, we present the second issue of the 60th volume of KAVAKA, a milestone in our ongoing journey to advance mycological research. This edition features ten papers that profoundly contribute to various facets of mycology and its related fields. As you peruse the pages of KAVAKA, you will find documented various research articles showcasing rigorous research, innovative methodologies, and insightful findings that enhance our understanding and appreciation of fungi.
The first paper investigates the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi in two cultivated ferns – Marsilea quadrifolia and Nephrolepis cordifolia – which enhances our understanding of endophytic communities in ferns, revealing the intricate relationships between these fungi and their host plants. Following this is an insightful investigation into the various environmental factors that influence the growth of Microsporum gypseum. By elucidating the optimal conditions for its growth, this research provides crucial information for managing this dermatophyte in clinical and environmental settings. Furthermore, expanding the catalogue of Indian fungi through combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, two of the articles in the journal report the first occurrence of the two fungal genera - Singerocybe and Tomentelloid in India, thereby contributing to the growing inventory of fungal biodiversity in India and highlight the ecological roles of these fungi.
Focusing on the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, the subsequent article explores the production and purification of its bioactive compounds, offering potential applications in pharmaceuticals and health supplements. The present volume also includes studies evaluating the antioxidant properties of edible mushrooms, highlighting their health benefits and potential as functional foods. Further, you will find research that opens new avenues for fungi-based nanotechnology in medicine, industry, and aquaculture practices, and studies with significant implications of fungal technology for sustainable waste management and bioremediation.
Taken together, every paper in this volume illustrates the diverse and intricate field of mycological research, spanning from fundamental studies on fungal diversity to applied research, from biodiversity assessments and environmental interactions to biotechnological innovations. In toto, these papers collectively enhance our understanding and appreciation of the fungal kingdom. We hope these contributions inspire further research and foster a deeper engagement with the fascinating world of mycology.
On that note, I extend my deepest gratitude to the authors, reviewers, and contributors for their dedication and the laborious hours they have invested in bringing this issue of KAVAKA to fruition. Their efforts have ensured the continued high standards and relevance of our journal in the field of mycology. I am also thankful to our readers for their continued support and engagement with KAVAKA.
In conclusion, I would also like to add that continued exploration and research in mycology hold the promise of unveiling novel insights and applications that will significantly benefit both ecological balance and human welfare. With that promise, we hope that the findings and
insights presented in this volume will inspire and drive future research, fostering a deeper understanding of fungi and their myriad roles in our world.
30th June 2024
Warm regards
Prof. Rupam Kapoor
Editor-in-Chief (KAVAKA) Professor,
Department of Botany University of Delhi,
Delhi -110 007
KAVAKA 60(2): 1-10 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/1-10
Exploring the Diversity of Culturable Foliar Endophytic Fungi in Two Cultivated Ferns: Marsilea quadrifolia, (Marsileaceae) and Nephrolepis cordifolia (Nephrolepidaceae)
Arjun Lal Yadav1, Yogesh Joshi1*, and Pooja Bansal1
1Lab. no. 14, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302 004, Rajasthan, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 4, 2023; Accepted on May 27, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Fungal endophytes, integral constituents of the plant microbiome, are characterized by their asymptomatic colonization of plants. While certain fungal groups like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) have been extensively researched in relation to pteridophytes, investigations in this domain remain limited. In this study, we delved into the presence of endophytic fungi within two fern species: Marsilea quadrifolia L., an aquatic fern from the Marsileaceae family, and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl, a terrestrial fern belonging to the Nephrolepidaceae family. From a total of 200 plant segments examined, a remarkable 160 sporulating fungal isolates were successfully cultured. Of the remaining 40 isolates, no growth was observed in 26 plates, while in 14 plates non-sporulating isolates were frequently growing and were treated as Mycelia sterilia. The culmination of our investigation yielded a rich fungal diversity, encompassing representatives from 11 genera belonging to nine families. This comprehensive study underscores the importance of exploring fungal endophytes in pteridophytes, shedding light on the intricate relationships between these fungi and their host plants within the Marsilea and Nephrolepis species. Such insights are crucial for advancing our understanding of plant-fungal interactions in diverse ecological niches and may have broader implications for plant health and ecosystem dynamics.
Keywords: Culture dependent, Endophytes, Rajasthan, Statistical Analysis
KAVAKA 60(2): 11-16 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/11-16
Effect of Different Environmental Factors on the Growth of Microsporum gypseum
N.C. Sowjanya1 and B. Vidya Vardhini*2
1Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Vivekananda Government Degree College, Vidyangar, Hyderabad - 500 044, India.
2*Professor, Department of Botany, Telangana University, Dichpally, Nizambad - 503 322, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on October 24, 2023; Accepted on June 11, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Keratins are high molecular weight proteins and are classified as structural fibrous proteins, commonly called as scleroproteins. These keratins resist digestion by different proteolytic enzymes like pepsin and trypsin which are capable of digesting most common proteins and are insoluble in different solvents viz., dilute acids, alkalies, water, organic solvents etc. Keratinophilic fungi are a group of highly specialized fungi that degrade most non -degradable keratins and use this protein for their growth and metabolism. The study of the growth of keratinophilic fungi is focussed on different environmental factors like pH, temperature, humidity etc. The present study is taken up to study the impact of pH, temperature and relative humidity on the growth of one of the widely occurring keratinophilic fungus, Microsporum gypseum. Microsporum gypseum was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) comprising of EN ISO 11133 which was used for examination of microbes. It has been observed in the study that the present isolate of Microsporum gypseum is mesophilic in nature and prefers high relative humidity and slightly acidic soils.
Key words: Environmental factors, Keratinophilic fungus, Microsporum gypseum, pH, Relative humidity, Temperature
KAVAKA 60(2): 17-23 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/17-23
Combined Study of Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny Unveils the First Report of the Mushroom Genus Singerocybe (Tricholomataceae) from India
Arvind Parihar1, Manoj Emanuel Hembrom2, Vladimír Antonín3 and Kanad Das4*
1Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Itanagar - 791 111, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah - 711 103, India.
3Department of Botany, Moravian Museum, Zelnýtrh 6, CZ-65937 Brno, Czech Republic.
4Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah - 711 103, India.
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on December 13, 2023; Accepted on May 27, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The genus Singerocybe is characterized by the presence of vesicles in the pileus and stipe cuticle. Singerocybe alboinfundibuliformis, collected from two Himalayan states (Sikkim and Uttarakhand), is described as a new generic and species record for the Indian mycobiota based on morphological features coupled with the phylogenetic evaluation based on ITS sequence data.
Keywords: Basidiomycota, Conspecificity, Molecular phylogeny, Sikkim, Taxonomy
KAVAKA 60(2): 24-27 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/24-27
Four New Reports of Tomentelloid Fungi from India
Ellu Ram1, Avneet Pal Singh2* and Gurpaul Singh Dhingra2
1Government Degree College, Seraj, Lambathatch, Mandi - 175 048, Himachal Pradesh, India.
2Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on December 18, 2023; Accepted on May 27, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Four species of tomentelloid fungi i.e. Tomentella alutaceoumbrina (Bers.) Bourdot & Galzin, T. fuscocinerea (Pers.: Fr.) Donk, Tomentellopsis echinospora (Ellis) Hjortstam and T. pusilla Hjortstam are illustrated and described for the first time from India based on specimens collected from Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh.
Keywords: Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, Himalaya, Ectomycorrhiza, Wood rotting fungi.
KAVAKA 60(2): 28-37 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/28-37
Production and Purification of Bioactive Compounds from Ganoderma lucidum Medicinal Mushroom
Gomathi S.*1, Ambikapathy V.1, Thajuddin N.2, And Panneerselvam A.1
1PG and Research Department of Botany, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli).
2Crescent Global Outreach Mission (CGOM), B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, (Deemed to be University), Vandalur, Chennai - 600 048, India.
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on March 23, 2024; Accepted on June 2, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The Ganoderma lucidum extracts were active against the microbial pathogen. But the level of inhibition varied significantly. The ethanol and methanol extract exhibited inhibitory zone against bacteria and fungi. The potential mycelial extracts of G. lucidum to be employed for combating several pathogenic diseases. It also showed that fractionation of this mushroom extract can alter the presence or absence of a bioactive compounds and this can affect some of the claimed effects of the mushroom in disease conditions. Hence the need to find out the toxicity and anti-microbial activity of both the crude and organic solvent fraction of this extract. This is concluded the study that the polysaccharides extracts of medicinal mushrooms of G. lucidum showed bioactive compounds and antimicrobial properties. Polysaccharides extract may be good sources for the development of antioxidant food additives. It focused on the superiority of mushroom G. lucidum on different substrates and biotechnological applications of selected potential strains.
Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, Bioactive compounds, Antimicrobial properties, Medicinal mushrooms, Organic solvent
KAVAKA 60(2): 38-48 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/38-48
Nutritional Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Pleurotus florida (Fr.) Kumm. and Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Redhead
Abirami Govindarajan*, Gomathi Selvam, Ambikapathy Varatharaju, Panneerselvam Annamalai and Babu Selvaraj
PG and Research Department of Botany, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli).
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on April 1, 2024; Accepted on June 6, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The two edible mushrooms, Pleurotus florida and Hypsizygus ulmarius, were assessed for nutritional value in proximate composition such as ash, moisture, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber and vitamins C (L-ascorbic acid), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) and vitamin B3 (niacin), minerals, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and Phosphorus (P). To assess antioxidant potential, different assays namely reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2) assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay with different concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg/ml of extracts were performed. The antioxidant activities were determined with standard, ascorbic acid and IC50 values of aqueous and methanol extract showed a strong antioxidant capacity. The maximum activities were recorded in methanolic extracts. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reducing power radicals, and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity revealed high activities in P. florida at aqueous and methanol of 500μl/ml extract concentration. The maximum percentage of activity in reducing power assay in H. ulmarius was at 500μl/ml extract and minimum concentration of 100μl H2O2 assay also performed in respective mushrooms. The efficiency of both edible mushrooms poses potential candidature for antioxidant properties in the forthcoming generation.
Keywords: Pleurotus florida, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Nutrition, Minerals, Vitamins, Antioxidant activity.
KAVAKA 60(2): 49-59 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/49-59
Insight to the Degradation of Shrimp Shell Waste by Aspergillus fumigatus Isolated from Mallipattinam Southeast Coast of Tamil Nadu
B. Deepa*1, K. Kanimozhi1 V. Ambikapathy1, A. Panneerselvam1 and N Thajuddin2
1PG & Research Department of Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-24, Tamil Nadu, India).
2B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Vandalur, Chennai - 600 048, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on April 1, 2024; Accepted on June 2, 2024)
ABSTRACT
In the present study, to isolate Aspergillus fumigatus fungi from soil in order to potentially utilize them for the degradation of shrimp shells and spectroscopic (GCMS, FTIR) investigation of the chitnase enzyme. Soil samples were taken from two distinct locations of east and west at the Mallipattinam southeast coast of Tamilnadu. Using standard mycological techniques, the 25 strains were isolated and identified from the soil samples (cultural and morphological traits). Shrimp shell waste was used to treat the isolated fungi in order to break them down and produce chitinase. It was established what the activity ratio, weight percentage, and enzyme activity were. The fungi with the greatest documented chitinolytic activity were Aspergillus fumigates, A. terreus, A. niger, A. flavus, Pencillium citrinum, and Trichoderma viride. Proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were detected by the biochemical analysis of waste decomposed by shrimp shells. The bioactive compounds (23) were identified by GC-MS analysis, including Tri-O-Trimethylsilyl, N-Pentafluoropropionyl derivative of terbutaline and 4-(Dimethylamino) Azoestrone 3-Methyl Ether. Additionally, the FTIR examination of the degraded shrimp waste revealed the presence of amine and OH groups. It was determined that, in comparison to the other fungal groups, Aspergillus fumigatus produced the highest level of chitinase enzyme. The high activity of isolated cultures in breaking down shrimp shell waste points to a wide range of possible applications for these fungi in eco-friendly methods of extracting chitinase from wastes high in shrimp shell degraded waste.
Keywords: Chitinase, Biodegradation, GCMS, FTIR, Shrimp shell waste
KAVAKA 60(2): 60-69 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/60-69
Enzyme Screening and Optimization from Coastal Soil Fungi of Dhanushkodi
Manimekalai, D1*, Senthilkumar, G1, Ambikapathy, V2, Thajuddin, N4, Prakash, P3, Ratha, M4, Kanmani, A3 and Panneerselvam, A2
1*PG and Research Department of Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-24), Poondi-613 503, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-24), Poondi-613 503, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Indian Biotrack Research Institute, Thanjavur-613 005, Tamil Nadu, India.
4Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Sri Bharathi Arts and Science College for Women (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-24), Kaikkurichi, Pudukkottai – 622 303, India.
5Crescent Global Outreach Mission, BS Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Vandalur, Chennai-600 048, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on April 03, 2024; Accepted on June 11, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The screening of marine soils fungi was distinguished three different enzymes, namely cellulase, amylase and protease. The maximum zone of clearance was measured in the three potential fungi such as A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus. Therefore, the subsequent investigations were examined solely utilizing specific fungi, namely A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus. The maximum enzyme optimizes and production was recorded in the cellulase enzyme when compared with amylase and protease enzymes. The amylase that underwent dialysis without the presence of cells demonstrated specific protein activity, as well as yield and purification factor. Subsequently, the dialyzed a-amylase underwent additional purification. The crude and purified forms of the amylase were examined using SDS-PAGE. The gel images of the purified enzyme and zymogram provided confirmation of the elimination of various undesirable proteins during the purification.
Keywords: Soil fungi, amylase, A. niger, optimization, SDS-PAGE
KAVAKA 60(2): 70-85 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/70-85
Physical, Biological, and Immunological Changes of Tilapia, Oreochromis Mossambicus by Using Mushroom Silver Nanoparticles against Aeromonas hydrophila
V. Shyamala*and N. Uma Maheswari
*Department of Microbiology, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College (Autonomous), Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi - 614 001, Tamil Nadu, India. (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India)
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on May 1, 2024; Accepted on June 6, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The current research aimed to study the study the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNO3) from Pleurotus ostreatus edible mushroom extract and its effects on haematological and immunological responses in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, against Aeromonas hydrophila. The formation of Pleurotus ostreatus silver nanoparticles (PO-AgNPs) was evidenced by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The UV, GCMS, and FTIR analyseswere conducted on the synthesized PO-AgNPs. The experimental diets included: 0 (Control), T1 (0.1 µg/kg); T2 (0.5 µg/kg); T3 (1 µg/kg); T4 (5 µg/kg); T5 (10 µg/kg); T6 (20 µg/kg) diet of a mixture of PO-AgNPs respectively, for four weeks.During the trial,blood samples were taken fromeach group of each week up to four weeks. At the end of the trail, fish were challenged with 0.2 ml (1x107 cfu/ml) A. hydrophila pathogen by intra peritoneal injection. Results showed that feeding the tilapia with a PO-AgNPs supplemented diet significantly influenced immunological parameters, which were found to be higher in fish fed with an experimental diet than the control group (P<0.05).Statistically significant levels of serum total immunoglobulin were detected only in the fish group fed with 10µg/kg PO-AgNPs supplemented diet. The interaction between the DNA gyrase subunit B protein and two specific control antibiotics was examined through docking analysis. The survival rate was highest in the 10µg/kg P. ostreatus supplemented feeding group. The results suggested that fish fed with P. ostreatus mushroom extract supplemented diet had an enhanced immune response and decreased the mortality rate against A. hydrophila. Ligands commonly interacted with the protein, as indicated by the results obtained from molecular docking studies. These results indicated that 10µg/kg PO-AgNPs can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for improved heamatological, immunological response and diseases resistance in tilapia against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Keywords: Oreochromis mossambicus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pleurotus ostreatus, Immune system, Protein, Silver nanoparticles.
KAVAKA 60(2): 86-95 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/2/2024/86-95
Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Optimization of Enzymes from Endophytic Fungi
J. Valli*1, K. Kanimozhi1, V. Ambikapathy2, A. Panneerselvam2, and N. Thajuddin3
*1PG and Research Department of Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli -24).
2Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli -24).
3B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science &Technology, (Deemed to be University), Vandalur, Chennai - 600 048, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on May 1, 2024; Accepted on June 6, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Endophytes are recognized as potential sources of novel secondary metabolites, including enzymes and drugs, with applications in medicine, agriculture and textile industry. There is an increasing demand for novel enzymes such as protease, in the industrial sector that can effectively operate across diverse conditions. In the present study, the plant samples were collected from marine environment of Kodiyakarai, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. Fungal species were isolated by plating method, in 50% marine plant containing potato dextrose agar medium. Selective two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and A. terreus) were chosen in the secondary screening of protease and lipase enzymes. The lyophilized growth media obtained after fungal fermentation were analysed for two enzyme production was optimized by assessing the effects of temperature, pH, carbon source and nitrogen source on activity. A. niger and A. terreus showed the greatest protease activity in a wide range of pH (5-9) and showed the lowest lipase activity range from pH (5-9) at two fungi. The broadest activity between 9 and 30οC was observed at pH 7 suggesting a neutral in protease. Overall, the optimum conditions were 35οC and pH 7 with a maximum specific activity value of A. niger and A. terreus. In minimum specific activity value of lipase in A. niger and A. terreus. In biosynthesized (ZnO NPs) characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, The maximum absorption peak was observed in the UV-Vis spectra of zinc oxide nanoparticles at 350-600 nm The bio synthesis of (ZnO NPs) nano materials were performed with comparison of control and concentration 2.5 mM was treated samples revealed well-dispersed nanoparticles ZnONPs. The characteristics demonstrated by these fungal endophytes showed that it is a potential source of a protease enzyme with particular application in the cotton industry. However, further studies of the tolerance to higher temperatures and pH will indicate whether the enzyme is suitable for biomedical application.
Keywords; Endophytic fungi, Optimization, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectrophotometer
Dear Esteemed Readers,
As we approach the 60th volume of KAVAKA and reach another milestone of the prestigious journal of Mycological Society of India, in capacity of the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, I am compelled to emphasize the cardinal importance of timely and quality review in maintaining the credibility and relevance of our scholarly endeavours. In the dynamic realm of academia, the role of scholarly journals stands paramount. These journals serve as repositories of intellectual discourse, buttressing scientific progress and fostering the exchange of ideas. However, the integrity and impact of these journals hinge crucially upon the quality and timeliness of the review process. At the heart of scholarly communication lies the rigorous peer review process, serving as the cornerstone of academic validation and knowledge dissemination. Timely and meticulous review not only upholds the credibility of scholarly work but also ensures the advancement of scientific inquiry.
A robust and timely review upholds the rigorous standards of scientific inquiry. In an era characterized by rapid advancements and paradigm shifts, timely reviews can facilitate dissemination of vital knowledge, promote innovation, and strengthen the very essence of scholarly dialogue. Through the lens of rigorous peer review, manuscripts undergo meticulous scrutiny, ensuring that only the highest calibre of research garners the sanction of scholarly validation. Regressive peer reviewing, characterized by constructive criticism, incisive feedback, and a commitment to excellence, lays the groundwork for the cultivation of knowledge and the advancement of scientific discourse. Beyond mere dissemination, publication in reputable journals serves as a testament to the scholarly merit and significance of research findings.
Furthermore, the publication of good quality papers on the scientific forum transcends the mere dissemination of information; it engenders a culture of excellence, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, and catalyses transformative change. Each published paper represents a milestone in the collective pursuit of diligence, contributing to the edifice of human knowledge and leaving an indelible imprint on the annals of scientific history.
As custodians of intellectual integrity, it is incumbent upon us to uphold the highest standards of scholarly rigor and editorial excellence, thereby safeguarding the veracity and reliability of published research. Let us reaffirm our commitment to fostering a culture of timeliness, quality, and regressive peer review, thereby fortifying the foundations of scientific progress and perpetuating the noble pursuit of truth.
The imperative of timely and quality review in scholarly journals cannot be overstated. It is not merely a procedural formality but rather a solemn obligation to uphold the sanctity of knowledge and the integrity of scientific inquiry. In closing, I extend my sincerest gratitude to our esteemed reviewers, authors, and readers for their invaluable contributions to KAVAKA. Together, let us continue to uphold the principles of scientific rigor, integrity, and excellence, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains a noble and transformative endeavour.
31st March 2024
Sincerely,
Prof. Rupam Kapoor
Editor-in-Chief (KAVAKA) Professor,
Department of Botany University of Delhi, Delhi -110 007
KAVAKA 60(1): 1-8 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/1-8
Dermatophytes: Keratin Eaters
Aruna G.L*1 and Ramalingappa B2
*1Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani’s Science Collage for Women, Mysore - 570 005, Karnataka, India.
2Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India.
Corresponding author Email:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on June 14, 2023; Accepted on March 11, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Dermatophytes are a group of closely related keratinophilic fungi belonging to the anamorphic genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue such as skin, hair, and nails of humans and animals to produce a superficial mycotic infection called dermatophytosis. In one of the survey conducted by World Health Organization (WHO), it has been reported that about 25% people worldwide have cutaneous infections. People of all ages are affected by the dermatophytosis. Migration, climatic factors, growth in tourism, changes in socioeconomic conditions, overcrowding, healthcare, environmental hygiene, culture and individual characteristics may influence the epidemiology of dermatophytoses. There are different types of dermatophytosis and have been named according to the anatomic locations involved.. The main aim of this paper is to review the etiology, prevalence, and clinical presentation, the latest knowledge on pathogenesis of dermatomycosis. This article mainly focuses on recent published work on different aspects of dermatophytes.
Keywords: Dermatophytosis, Keratinophilic, Anthropophilic, Dermatophytes, Serology, Onychomycosis, Ringworm, Griseofulvin.
KAVAKA 60(1): 9-20 (2024) DOI: 10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/9-20
Antibacterial and Anticancer activity of Glycolipid Biosurfactant from Manglicolous Yeast Geotrichum candidum PV 37
K. A. Nimsi and K. Manjusha*
Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Panangad, Madavana, Kochi - 682 506, India.
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on July 13, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Bioprospecting potentials of manglicolous yeasts are noteworthy. They have been considered a potent source of biosurfactants. In this perspective, 99 strains (PV1-99) isolated from the mangrove forest of Puthuvype, Kerala, India were screened for the production of biosurfactants. These yeasts were analyzed by the oil displacement test with 5 different oils (sunflower, olive, gingelly, diesel, coconut). Out of these 99 isolates, PV 37 Geotrichum candidum was found to be the most potent strain. The physical and chemical characterization of the biosurfactant of PV 37 revealed that it was glycolipid in nature. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The maximum yield of the biosurfactant obtained was 2.8 g/L after 120 hrs of incubation. The biosurfactant exhibited stability in a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salinity. In the prevailing scenario of multidrug resistance and limitations of chemotherapeutic agents, the search is on for safe therapeutic agents. As the biosurfactant of PV 37 displayed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 as well as antibacterial against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, it indicates its possible application in the pharmaceutical industry
Keywords: Agriculture, Biosurfactant, Yeast, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Geotrichum candidum, Glycolipid
KAVAKA 60(1): 21-31 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/21-31
A Survey of Macrofungal Diversity in the Ayodhya Region, Uttar Pradesh, India
Balwant Singh1*, Vinay Kumar Singh1 and Shailendra Kumar2
1Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, K. S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding Author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on August 11, 2023; Accepted on March 25, 2024)
ABSTRACT
A survey of wild macrofungi of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh, India, yielded specimens of 30 different species representing 17 genera and 9 families. During the field work, we collected several fruiting bodies of macrofungi from their wild growing habitat and owing to their macroscopic and microscopic characteristic features. Major specimen components including the pileus, stipe, gills, and spore are expressed and concentrated from the fruiting body. A seasonal variation noted herein with nature and edibility. This is the first report of the macrofungal wealth from this holy place of the Ayodhya region in the Uttar Pradesh, India. Collected specimens certainly provide evidence of the high level of macrofungal diversity of study area.
Keywords: Ayodhya, Diversity, Macrofungi, Mushroom, Mycoflora.
KAVAKA 60(1): 32-38 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/32-38
Myco-fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles from Endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht: A Novel Approach for Sustainable Plant Disease Management
Sudhir S. Shende1,2,†, Dilip V. Hande3,†,*, Pramod U. Ingle2, Rahul Bhagat4, Patrycja Golinska5, Mahendra Rai2,6, Tatiana Minkina1, and Aniket K. Gade2,5,7,‡
1Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave, 194/1, Rostov-on-Don - 344 090, Russian Federation.
2Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati - 444 602, Maharashtra, India.
3Shri. Pundlik Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Nandura Rly., Buldhana - 443 404, Maharashtra, India.
4Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar - 431 004, India.
5Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, 87-100, Poland.
6Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil.
7Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai - 400 019, Maharashtra, India.
† These authors contributed equally and share first authorship.
Corresponding authors Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on December 05, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Resistance against fungicides or antibiotics in plant pathogens is nowadays a greater challenge to the scientific community, as most of the pathogenic strains survive unless treated with anti-agents. Therefore, there is a need to develop sustainable approaches that could manage the diseases in plants. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received attention due to their eco-friendly fabrication methods and interesting antimicrobial properties. This study reported the myco-fabrication of AgNPs by a novel biogenic approach using an extract of endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht isolated from Dioscorea bulbifera (L.) leaves. The primary detection was done visually and by UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The color change in the reaction solution from pale yellow to brown indicated the formation of myco-AgNPs. The UV-Vis spectral analysis revealed a typical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 447 nm. Nanoparticle tracking and analysis (NTA) demonstrated a mean size of 51 nm with a standard deviation (SD) of 22 nm and a concentration of 5.4 × 109 particles/mL. The zeta potential value was found to be -8.70 mV. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups, stabilizing the myco-AgNPs that corresponded to the proteins from the fungal extract. TEM analysis showed spherical-shaped AgNPs with an average size range of 20-30 nm. The results suggest that the endophytic fungal extract is capable of synthesizing myco-AgNPs. The synthesized myco-AgNPs could be used in the formulation of novel nano-products for sustainable disease management of agricultural crops.
Keywords: Agriculture, Epicoccum nigrum, Myco-AgNPs, Nanobiotechnology
KAVAKA 60(1): 39-47 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/39-47
Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.
Lata*1 and Narender Singh Atri2
1Department of Botany, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour - 173 101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
2Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, Punjab, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on August 21, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr. is a lignicolous edible basidiomycetous mushroom. The sporophores of this mushroom are valuable health food with high nutritional and nutraceutical properties. The work presented in this manuscript pertains to the screening of substrate for spawn production and cultivation of indigenous strain of L. sajor-caju collected from North West India. In this paper, the vegetative growth of L. sajor-caju on seven different substrates and reproductive growth on six different ligno-cellulosic substrates have been evaluated. As in other mushrooms, wheat grains supported the maximum mycelia growth amongst the evaluated substrates. L. sajor-caju, when grown on six different ligno-cellulosic substrates, gave maximum biological efficiency (56.06%) on paddy straw substrate on fresh weight basis which was far better in comparison to 44.55% biological efficiency obtained on wheat straw substrate.
Keywords: Biological efficiency, Lentinus sajor-caju, Ligno-cellulosic substrates, Primordia, Spawn, Sporophore
KAVAKA 60(1): 48-49 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/48-49
Gasteroid fungus Phellorinia herculeana (Pers.) Kreisel Eaten by Rat: New Report from Indian Thar Desert, Rajasthan
Jaipal Singh1, Khushboo Rathore1, Alkesh Tak1, Joginder Singh2, and Praveen Gehlot1*
1Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur - 342 001, India.
2Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Nagaland, Lumami - 798 627, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on August 29, 2023; Accepted on March 18, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Rats (Rattus norvegicus) have been found to eat the sporophore of the Gasteroid fungus, Phellorinia herculeana from the Indian Thar Desert, Rajasthan as new report. Feeding studies were used to validate the incidence, since rats were shown to consume fresh P. herculeana sporophore even when they were barely hungry. It is the first report in this direction.
Keywords: Phellorinia herculeana, Rat, Edible Sporophore, Indian Thar Desert, New Report
KAVAKA 60(1): 50-54 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/50-54
Superficial Mycosis: Epidemiological and Mycological profile from District Jammu
Bharti Sharma and Skarma Nonzom*
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu - 180 006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on November 1, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Superficial mycoses, which are strictly limited to the outermost keratinized non-living layers of the skin and its appendages i.e., hair and nails are known to be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophytes and yeasts. During a clinico-mycological survey for superficial mycosis, the residents of District Jammu were screened for such infections. Diagnosis and identification of the recovered fungal isolates were based on direct microscopy, cultural and microscopic examinations. Among the recovered fungal isolates, maximum representation was of the genus Aspergillus. These infections were more prevalent among males than females. Moreover, variation in the prevalence of such infections was also observed with respect to age group, health status, and occupation of the patients. The isolations of diverse opportunistic fungal species from the human clinical samples clearly showed their potential to degrade the outermost keratinized layer of the skin eventually causing superficial mycosis. The correct and timely diagnosis of such infections and their causal agents is vital, which can further be helpful in adopting antifungal treatment.
Keywords: Superficial mycosis, Clinico-mycological profile, Fungal infections, North India
KAVAKA 60(1): 55-63 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/55-63
Developmental Studies of Indian Laboulbeniomycetes II – Peyritschiella sp.
Anupama Shukla and Anita Narang*
Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi - 110 019, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on November 19, 2023; Accepted on March 15, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The Laboulbeniales are a group of fungi known for their obligate ectoparasitic relationships with arthropods, primarily insects. Here we are describing the developmental studies of two species of Peyritschiella occurring on the rove beetle Philonthus.
Keywords: Peyritschiella , Perithecium, Antheridium, Development.
KAVAKA 60(1): 64-76 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/64-76
Induction of Systemic Resistance in Persea bombycina Against Pestalotiopsis disseminata Using Bioinoculants
Bishwanath Chakraborty1*, Amrita Acharya2, Usha Chakraborty1, and Shilpi Ghosh3
1Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri - 734 013, West Bengal, India.
2Department of Microbiology, Siliguri College, Siliguri - 734 001, West Bengal, India.
3Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri - 734 013, West Bengal, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on January 15, 2024; Accepted on March 14, 2024)
ABSTRACT
Among eight different morphotypes (S1–S8) of Persea bombycina, locally known as som plant, screened for resistance against Pestalotiopsis disseminata causing grey blight disease, S5morphotype was found to be highly susceptible under field conditions. Immunodetection of P. disseminata in leaf tissue using Polyclonal antibody raised against the pathogen has been demonstrated following various immunological formats such as immunodiffusion, dot immunobinding assay, plate trapped antigen (PTA) coated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence. Immunogold localization of grey blight pathogen (P. disseminata) in som leaf tissue using transmission electron microscopy has been demonstrated for the first time for this host-pathogen system .Strategies for induction of immunity in som plants (S5 morphotype) against P. disseminata using bioinoculants such as PGPF (Trichoderma asperellum), AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus) and PGPR (Bacillus pumilus) alone or in combinations have been developed. Plant growth promotion and reduction in disease severity were evident following application of bioinoculants. Significant increase in defense enzymes such as chitinase (CHT), β-1,3 glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX) were observed in both roots and leaves following the application of bioinoculants. Cellular localization of chitinase and glucanase in leaf and root tissue following induced immunity against grey blight pathogen using PAbs of chitinase and glucanase have been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. It is clearly evident that the applications of bioinoculants greatly improved the health status of som plants (S5) and also induced systemic resistance in the plant against grey blight pathogen.
Keywords: Persea bombycina, Pestalotiopsis disseminata, Grey blight, Induced resistance, Bioinoculants
KAVAKA 60(1): 77-84 (2024) DOI:10.36460/Kavaka/60/1/2024/77-84
In-vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of Himalayan Lichen Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis
Praphool Kumar1,2, Tuhina Verma2*, Sanjeeva Nayaka1, and Dalip Kumar Upreti1
1Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow - 226 001, India.
2Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Allahabad Road, Ayodhya - 224 001, India.
*Corresponding author Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Submitted on March 14, 2024; Accepted on March 29, 2024)
ABSTRACT
The lichen Heterodermia obscurata is a foliose lichen, collected from the Munsiyari Hills of the Himalayan region. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of this macro lichen. The acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of lichen were subjected to antimicrobial activities at 5mg/ml (10µl/disc) concentration by disc diffusion assay. Methanol extract of H. obscurata showed more inhibition against A. baumannii with zone of inhibition (ZOI) 13.2±0.5mm than other microorganisms. In contrast, the significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) observed against K. pneumoniae was 120µg/ml. Methanol extracts showed more inhibition of F. oxysporum than A. niger. The ZOI of antimicrobial activities also summarised by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The antioxidant activities of methanol extract are the most active than the other extracts at 1 mg/ml concentrations. The maximum free radicals scavenging activities was 68.45±0.6% calculated in methanol extract. The lichen thallus forms a potential candidate for drug discovery and development. Further studies on the isolation of active principles from the lichens and their bioactivities are under investigation.
Keywords: Lichen, Secondary metabolites, Antimicrobials, MDR, PCA
Mycological Society of India is a scientific body constituted for the advancement of subject of mycology, the study of fungi including mushrooms, molds, truffles, yeasts, lichens, plant pathogens, and medically important fungi. The Society was founded in January 1973 by a team of mycologists lead by Professor C.V. Subramanian, former Director, C.A.S. in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, India and Former President of International Mycological Association, with a view to bring together mycologists of the country and with the broad objectives of promoting development of Mycology in India in all its aspects and in the widest perspective.
